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PIECES OF THE CLOCK. "The seasonality of bud dormancy with undefined repeated cycles of growth–dormancy along the life of an individual, the major role of hormones such as ABA, and the occurrence of dormancy-related processes on preformed flowers located within buds instead of vegetative tissues, among other particularities, suggest the existence of yet unknown exciting pieces in the “clock.”." https://lnkd.in/duD22Cw View in LinkedIn

ADAPTED STRAINS. "Li found that prions taken from brain tissue are different to those grown in cells cultured in a laboratory. The brain-adapted prions are capable of infected nerve tissue and they’re resistant to a drug called swainsonine (swa) that completely blocks the growth of other strains. The cell-adapted prions lack both these abilities but they’re better at growing in cell cultures." https://lnkd.in/dVZWBhV View in LinkedIn

EXPANSIVE FRONTIER. "The rich literature describing vernalization in model plants may radically accelerate the knowledge of the epigenetics of bud dormancy regulation over the next few years, but it will require the implementation of more informative biochemical and functional approaches in perennial species to complement previous genetic and genomic studies." https://lnkd.in/duD22Cw View in LinkedIn

QUASI-ALIVE. "The remarkable finding that prions can mutate and adapt to their environment imbues them with a further attribute of living things, without however elevating them to the status of being ‘alive’." https://lnkd.in/dVZWBhV View in LinkedIn

EPIGENETIC SIGNALS. "As new details of the epigenetic regulation of gene expression during bud dormancy processes emerge, its mechanistic similarities with the well-known regulation of Arabidopsis FLC gene are becoming increasingly evident." https://lnkd.in/duD22Cw View in LinkedIn

START OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES. "In 1949, a few years after Von Neumann’s work, the language Short Code appeared (www.byte.com). It was the first computer language for electronic devices and it required the programmer to change its statements into 0’s and 1’s by hand. Still, it was the first step towards the complex languages of today." https://lnkd.in/dHAgA5r View in LinkedIn

COMPUTER CODERS should all study molecular genetics before coding. Nature has been infinitely inventive, a mischievous and impartial innovator of the use, distribution, hierarchies, and ecological adaption of DNA code. Nature has pushed all the limits of this fundamental engine of evolution, to make it more diverse, more adaptable, the raw material for selective pressures. View in LinkedIn

ONE BILLION SEQUENCES. "There are 21 possible results from each codon. The one “start” codon encodes one amino acid; 60 different codons encode another 19 amino acids; and three codons encode “stop”. The 3 billion base pairs would be grouped into 1 billion codons, and each codon has 21 possible meanings. So that would be 21^(1 billion) sequences of amino acids." https://lnkd.in/dtQfeKi View in LinkedIn

SIX GIGAS OF INFORMATION. "Human DNA genome encodes 4^(3 billion) = 2^(6 billion) choices, or 6 billion bits of information. The epigenome encodes at least 2^22,500 choices, or 22,500 bits. The total information is 6,000,022,500 bits, or approximately 6 Gb (gigabits)." https://lnkd.in/dtQfeKi View in LinkedIn

"HUMAN DNA has approximately 3 billion base pairs, according to the National Human Genome Research Institute. That means 4^3,000,000,000 possible base sequences. For simplicity, let’s say that each gene is either suppressed, or not, in the epigenome. That would be a binary choice for each gene. Most humans have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes. Let’s say the average is about 2^22,500 more choices." https://lnkd.in/dtQfeKi View in LinkedIn