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SCALES AND LEVELS. "This paper proceeds by making a distinction between scales of learning and levels of learning. The former follows spatial and temporal dimensions, while the latter are Batesonian logical types." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12304-013-9164-x View in LinkedIn

OCCULT AND SLOW. "Since species-scale learning is much slower than organism-scale learning, signs inherited from a lineage appear as a contextual markers, constant and fixed, and perhaps less directly accessible to perception than those aspects available for direct modification by the organism." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12304-013-9164-x View in LinkedIn

"SIGN ACTIVITY ushers in novelty, but the biological world operates on multiple scales and although the scales interact, the rate of semiotic changes on each scale is unequal. This leads to interesting dynamics." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12304-013-9164-x View in LinkedIn

PLANT FITNESS OPTIMIZATION. "Their ability to learn from experience and to memorize previous experiences in order to optimize fitness allows effective acclimation to environmental stresses and can be considered a form of intelligence. Intelligent behavior is exemplified by the exceptional versatility of plants to deal with abiotic stresses as well as microbial and insect attack by balancing appropriate defensive reactions." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138515002897 View in LinkedIn

BEHAVIOR ANALOG. "The specific adjustments in growth and development of plants can be taken to represent behavior." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138515002897 View in LinkedIn

EMERGENT PROPERTIES. "Plants are as adept as animals and humans in reacting effectively to their ever-changing environment. Of necessity, their sessile nature requires specific adaptations, but their cells possess a network-type communication system with emerging properties at the level of the organ or entire plant." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138515002897 View in LinkedIn