CAUSATION. “Selection exemplifies top-down causation, while genotype-phenotype mapping and phenotype to fitness mapping exemplify bottom-up causation…repetitive patterns emerge as a result of the presence of downward causation realized through selection”.
http://eprints.aston.ac.uk/20778/1/Emergence_in_genetic_programming.pdf
linkedin post 2022-06-29 05:12:48
Nigel Fleming
September 21, 2022