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OCCULT AND SLOW. "Since species-scale learning is much slower than organism-scale learning, signs inherited from a lineage appear as a contextual markers, constant and fixed, and perhaps less directly accessible to perception than those aspects available for direct modification by the organism." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12304-013-9164-x View in LinkedIn

"SIGN ACTIVITY ushers in novelty, but the biological world operates on multiple scales and although the scales interact, the rate of semiotic changes on each scale is unequal. This leads to interesting dynamics." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12304-013-9164-x View in LinkedIn

CYCLIC EFFECTS. "When plants learn, they change their behaviour, which in turn shapes their environments. The changing environments may modify the selection pressures on the plants in turn." http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(16)30459-6 View in LinkedIn

"THE FOURTH SCALE includes species scale, phylogenetic changes. Through natural selection, a species “learns” certain adaptive behaviours, makes novel semiotic distinctions and behavioural interpretants, as when a plant species co-evolves a flower morphology in tempo with the needs of a fellow co-evolving pollinator. Learning takes on a very different sense here as it is no longer associated with anything potentially experiential or phenomenal." http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(16)30459-6 View in LinkedIn

PLANT CULTURE. "This scale indicates the possibility of proto-enculturation, the transmission and perpetuation of learned behaviour through hereditary pathways that are neither genetic or epigenetic." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12304-013-9164-x View in LinkedIn

PHYTODIALECTS. "Plant communities may also learn. “Signalling cascades” mediated through root signalling or through the release of volatile organic compounds, gives rise to what I consider to be local or regional phytodialects of behaviour. Such learned behaviour can be passed to a plant’s progeny as well." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12304-013-9164-x View in LinkedIn