Month: September 2022

OVER-SUPPLEMENTATION. “This explanation is consistent with the fact that wild anthropoid primates (unable to synthesize vitamin C) consume much more vitamin C than the recommended daily allowance for adult humans in the USA, about 1 mg/kg/day. For example, gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) consume 20-30 mg/kg/day, howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) consume 88 mg/kg/day, and spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) consume 106 mg/kg/day. The same is true with bats, with Artibeus jamaicensis consuming 258 mg/kg/day.” https://lnkd.in/d66RD9Z View in LinkedIn

COMMON FACTOR. “Another argument supporting the suggestion that species which have lost their GLO gene were under no selective pressure to keep it, is that all species which have lost their GLO gene have very different diets but all of them have diets rich in vitamin C.” https://lnkd.in/d66RD9Z View in LinkedIn

CUTS BOTH WAYS. “The converse is also true: no species lacking GLO activity has ever been found to have a diet poor in vitamin C, such as a diet composed uniquely of seeds.” https://lnkd.in/d66RD9Z View in LinkedIn

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NO SELECTIVE PRESSURE. “In vertebrates, there also does not seem to be strong selective pressure to regain lost GLO activity. In bats, R. leschenaultia is a frugivorous species with a resuscitated GLO gene which is closely related to C. sphinx, another frugivorous species, but incapable of synthesizing vitamin C.” https://lnkd.in/d66RD9Z View in LinkedIn

RANDOM GENE REACTIVATION. “The fact that reactivations occur in species which have already ample supplies of vitamin C in their diets suggests that these reactivations are random and not selected for.” https://lnkd.in/d66RD9Z View in LinkedIn

CONDITIONAL NEUTRALITY. “The neutrality of vitamin C loss is a function of the environment in which species lives. Individuals from a species which have lost the ability to make their own vitamin C will not be selected against as long as their diet contains sufficient quantities of vitamin C. This is why the function of the GLO gene has been lost repeatedly during evolution.” https://lnkd.in/d66RD9Z View in LinkedIn

GRAVE CONSEQUENCES. “However, individuals from such a species will develop scurvy if their diet changes so as to no longer contain sufficient amounts of vitamin C. Such diet changes occurred repeatedly during human history, causing the death of millions of people. Vitamin C loss is therefore only neutral when sufficient quantities of vitamin C are part of the diet.” https://lnkd.in/d66RD9Z View in LinkedIn

REACTIVATION OF VESTIGIAL GENE. "We demonstrate here that gene therapeutic HDAd-mCMV-Gulo vectors can mediate the expression of GULO and endogenous production of ascorbic acid in human cells and in Gulo(-/-) transgenic mice. Taken together, these data show that a gene therapy approach can be successfully employed in the treatment and further study of vitamin C deficiency in scurvy-prone mammals.” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18764764 View in LinkedIn

VITAMIN SECRETION. “Adrenal glands are known to have very high concentrations of vitamin C and Albert Szent-Györgyi first isolated it from ox adrenals. Human adrenal glands in vivo secrete vitamin C in response to ACTH which stimulates adrenal cortex to produce the essential hormone cortisol. Vitamin C secretion is rapid, starting and ending within minutes of ACTH administration in humans, and precedes cortisol secretion. In animals, the testes and ovary also secrete ascorbate. Ascorbate secretion also occurs in the stomach.” https://lnkd.in/dhzW8hm View in LinkedIn