Month: September 2022

THE MICROMETER SCALE. “Further, as we move to the micrometer scale, chemical behavior gives rise to physical and chemical properties which is the realm of organic and biochemistry. In addition, amino acids and their chains give rise to the realm of life and microbiology property.” http://darkmatterenergy.blogspot.com.es/2017/02/emergence-phenomena-between-different.html View in LinkedIn

BEYOND THE MICROMETER SCALE (10(-6)) lies the milli- (10(-3)), centi- (10(-2)), deci- (10(-1)), and much further, the mega- (10(6)), giga- (10(9)), and tera- (10(12)). Properties of time, gravity, and space warp progressively with scale changes. Just as changes between states governed by different scales affect cells (such as light waves), so also, time, gravity and space will impact cells. We have ignored them because we believe there is no life in those realms. https://lnkd.in/d_2ckDP View in LinkedIn

IN THE MIDDLE. “The single cell microbiological cells start at 10 to minus 5 meters. This is a very important scale, which is actually in the middle between the Planck scale and the universal and cosmological scale both these directions about 10 to minus 30 meters on the lower side to the Planck limit and 10 to plus 30 meters on the higher side to the Hubble horizon limit.” A unique article. https://lnkd.in/dfZFAM5 View in LinkedIn

PUT ANOTHER WAY. “On a logarithmic scale if the single cell life is considered to be at the zero point, Planck limit and Hubble horizon limit are equidistant.” https://lnkd.in/dfZFAM5 View in LinkedIn

SPACE BIOLOGY, driven by man’s thirst to explore other planets, is forcing us to consider the next series of scales. “Scientists observed that returning astronauts had grown taller and had substantially reduced bone and muscle mass.” They also have cognitive and immune problems. https://lnkd.in/dEPb-CN View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this consideration of where living things fit in the world of scale. The immensity of smallness on one hand, balances with the hugeness of immensity on the other. Life is sandwiched in between. Whether superorganisms such as bacteria and viruses add a few more orders of magnitude is as yet unknown. View in LinkedIn

China’s moon mission to boldly go a step further View in LinkedIn

NECESSARY TRANSITIONS. "Given these detrimental effects, the existence of successful polyploid species and lineages indicates that natural selection can often promote transitions from multi- to bivalents that then segregate as in diploids. However, how such transitions are achieved at the molecular level remains a mystery." http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/04/28/050831.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

TRANSITION MECHANISM. "Part of the answer seems to be a reduction in the number of COs, since multivalents can only form with at least two COs per chromosome. There is also mounting evidence for genes that have been selected to control pairing behaviour of chromosomes during meiosis, such as ph1 in hexaploid wheat and several candidate genes in polyploid." Arabidopsis." (CO = cross-overs). https://lnkd.in/e2tp_G5 View in LinkedIn

IMMENSE PROBLEM SOLVING. "Polyploidy with odd numbers of chromosome sets poses an even greater problem because aneuploid gametes are generally produced. However, there are some plant species where solutions to even this problem have evolved and odd-number polyploidy appears to persist stably." http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/04/28/050831.full.pdf View in LinkedIn