Month: September 2022

INVIOLABLE LAW AND URBAN MYTH. "Sometimes people say that life violates the second law of thermodynamics. This is not the case; we know of nothing in the universe that violates that law." http://www.panspermia.org/seconlaw.htm View in LinkedIn

ENERGY INEFFICIENCY. "The second law is a straightforward law of physics with the consequence that, in a closed system, you can't finish any real physical process with as much useful energy as you had to start with — some is always wasted. This means that a perpetual motion machine is impossible." http://www.panspermia.org/seconlaw.htm View in LinkedIn

HEAT PASSAGE. "The second law was formulated after nineteenth century engineers noticed that heat cannot pass from a colder body to a warmer body by itself." http://www.panspermia.org/seconlaw.htm View in LinkedIn

THE URBAN MYTH. "Clearly, if life originates and makes evolutionary progress without organizing input somehow supplied, then something has organized itself. Logical entropy in a closed system has decreased. This is the violation that people are getting at, when they say that life violates the second law of thermodynamics. This violation, the decrease of logical entropy in a closed system, must happen continually in the darwinian account of evolutionary progress." http://www.panspermia.org/seconlaw.htm View in LinkedIn

FLY IN THE OINTMENT. "Most darwinists just ignore this staggering problem. When confronted with it, they seek refuge in the confusion between the two kinds of entropy. [Logical] entropy has not decreased, they say, because the system is not closed. Energy such as sunlight is constantly supplied to the system. If you consider the larger system that includes the sun, [thermodynamic] entropy has increased, as required." http://www.panspermia.org/seconlaw.htm View in LinkedIn

BOGUS EQUIVALENCY. "In my opinion, the audacious attempt to reveal the formal equivalence of the ideas of biological organization and thermodynamic order ...must be judged to have failed." — Peter Medawar. http://www.panspermia.org/seconlaw.htm View in LinkedIn

THE SOLUTION. "It is surprising that mixing entropy and biology still fosters confusion. The relevant concepts from physics pertaining to the second law of thermodynamics are at least 100 years old. The confusion can be eradicated if we distinguish thermodynamic entropy from logical entropy, and admit that Earth's biological system is open to organizing input from outside." Fabulous summary of entropy issues. http://www.panspermia.org/seconlaw.htm View in LinkedIn

NEW GENES tend to be born out of the toolkit of spare parts. We will now consider how this occurs and how it arose. This is the driver of diversity, adaptation and evolution itself. The heart of life as we know it is the ability to evolve information by reproduction, and that information is encoded in genes. View in LinkedIn

FORBIDDEN SILENT MUTATIONS. "New genes arise when existing genes are duplicated, undergo "forbidden mutations" as silent DNA, and reemerge as new genes with new functions. While silent, a gene cannot be improved or even maintained by natural selection. To arrive at a substantially different nucleotide sequence, we would expect many mutations to be required. These mutations will randomize the original sequence of the gene and it will lose its original meaning." https://lnkd.in/dH9XaVn View in LinkedIn

GRADUAL INTEGRATION. "The integration of new genes into gene-gene interaction networks is a gradual evolutionary process. The new genes started, at a young age, to be integrated into networks to form new and less connected branches; however, with the elapse of evolutionary time, as genes grow older, they acquired more interacting links." https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-015-0772-4 View in LinkedIn