Month: September 2022

TISSUE ENGINEERING. "Classical examples of this are the removal of the tadpole’s tail of frogs during metamorphosis or the disappearance of interdigital tissues during mammalian development to sculpt fingers. In the adult animal, unwanted cells are eliminated through PCD when they are no longer needed." (PCD = programmed cell death). https://celldeath.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/lopezself_munoz.pdf View in LinkedIn

LIFE CYCLES. "Programmed Cell Death is essential for the life cycle of many organisms." https://celldeath.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/lopezself_munoz.pdf View in LinkedIn

CELL DEATH BY "Apoptosis occurs in animals as a consequence of a variety of stimuli including stress and social signals and it plays essential roles in morphogenesis and immune defense." https://celldeath.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/lopezself_munoz.pdf View in LinkedIn

DEATH MACHINERY IS CONSERVED. "The machinery of apoptosis is well conserved among animals and it is composed of caspases (the proteases which execute cell death), adapter proteins (caspase activators), Bcl‐2 family proteins and Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs)." https://celldeath.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/lopezself_munoz.pdf View in LinkedIn

AUTODESTRUCTION. "In response to stress due to starvation or damage, animal cells engage a biochemical pathway to destruct themselves. Moreover, upon detection of a virally infected cell, cytotoxic cells kill other cells from the same organism by inducing their suicide. Cell death is not only employed to remove damaged or infected cells, but it is also important for sculpting tissues." https://celldeath.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/lopezself_munoz.pdf View in LinkedIn

BRIEF LIFE. "In the adult animal, unwanted cells are eliminated through PCD when they are no longer needed. For instance, during an immune response there is a rapid production of lymphocytes which respond to a specific pathogen. These lymphocytes have to be eliminated after the pathogen has been cleared. For these reason, these cells are ‘programmed’ to eliminate themselves after a few days of life." (PCD = programmed cell death). https://celldeath.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/lopezself_munoz.pdf View in LinkedIn

CONSERVED PATHWAYS. "Apoptosis requires a number of genes that are well conserved across animal evolution. In the past few years, multiple genetic and cell biology experiments have shown that apoptosis is executed through similar biochemical pathways in vertebrates, Drosophila and C. elegans. These biochemical pathways lead to activation of proteins termed ‘caspases’." https://celldeath.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/lopezself_munoz.pdf View in LinkedIn

ACTIVATION OF DEATH PATHWAY. "Caspases are normally present in the cytosol. Since killer proteases are obviously dangerous, they are kept in check by a number of safety mechanisms. The most important is that they are inactive until a ‘deadly’ stimulus activates them by promoting their oligomerization and subsequent cleavage." https://celldeath.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/lopezself_munoz.pdf View in LinkedIn

CASPASES "Apoptotic pathways are fairly similar in nematodes, and vertebrates. Caspases are required for apoptosis in all animals studied and so are their activators (Apaf‐1‐like molecules). In mammals, the mitochondrial pathway is of great relevance, because it is activated in response to multiple stimuli. Mitochondria (and cytochrome c) are required for apoptosome‐mediated caspase activation in response to a diversity of stimuli, including developmental cues, growth factor withdrawal, heat shock, nutrient deprivation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and DNA damage." https://celldeath.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/lopezself_munoz.pdf View in LinkedIn

CELL DEATH BY MURDER. "Cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL) and Natural Killer (NK) cells owe their names to their ability to induce death of their target cells. In order to avoid propagation of a virus, cytotoxic cells attack and kill the infected cells and they use several effector mechanisms in order to do so." https://celldeath.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/lopezself_munoz.pdf View in LinkedIn