Month: September 2022

QUANTUM BIOLOGY EXPLANATION. "Adaptive mutations may be generated by environment-induced collapse of the quantum wave function describing DNA in a superposition of mutational states." https://lnkd.in/dxHFHJ7 View in LinkedIn

COEVOLVING CLUSTERS OF GENES. "Mutations are complex, occur in clusters, occur at different rates within and between genes (= “hot spots” in the genome); and networks of genes can coevolve (e.g., interacting ion-channel genes), thus increasing and maintaining informational complexity, decreasing uncertainty, and expediting evolution (for detailed discussions on computational methods and theoretical implications." https://lnkd.in/dXty-vx View in LinkedIn

SIX BILLION MUTATION SPOTS. "There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in the human genome. If you counted the number of positions -- A's, T's, G's and C's -- you would have three billion positions across those 23 chromosomes. And because each chromosome is a part of a pair, you can multiply that number by two, for a total of six billion places where a mutation can happen." https://lnkd.in/djANYvQ View in LinkedIn

SIMPLICITY TO COMPLEXITY (AGAIN). “Our genomes encode a limited number of antibody genes, which are insufficient to generate antibodies against the wide variety of foreign pathogens encountered from the external environment. SHM enables our immune system to expand the limited diversity encoded within our genomes to the billions of antibody specificities required to defend ourselves against external pathogens." (SHM = somatic hypermutation). https://lnkd.in/dQ6QXSG View in LinkedIn

SOMATIC HYPERMUTATION. "In response to an assault by foreign organisms, peripheral B cells can change their antibody affinity and isotype by somatically mutating their genomic DNA." https://lnkd.in/dUEkqmr View in LinkedIn

PROGRAMMED MUTATION. "Somatic hypermutation involves a programmed process of mutation affecting the variable regions of immunoglobulin genes. Unlike germline mutation, SHM affects only an organism's individual immune cells, and the mutations are not transmitted to the organism's offspring." https://lnkd.in/dZFtBek View in LinkedIn

TUMOR MUTATIONS. "Our latest release (v70; Aug 2014) describes 2,002,811 coding point mutations in over one million tumor samples and across most human genes. COSMIC also details more than six million noncoding mutations, 10,534 gene fusions, 61,299 genome rearrangements, 695,504 abnormal copy number segments and 60,119,787 abnormal expression variants." https://lnkd.in/dcuS5W2 View in LinkedIn

INHERITED GOOD MUTATIONS. "Mutations that provide organisms with a reproductive advantage over others (beneficial mutations) will tend to propagate to future generations." https://lnkd.in/dGC6A7c View in LinkedIn

RARE BENEFICIAL MUTATIONS. "It is important to note that the fraction of beneficial mutations (among all those that can occur) is usually very small, with most mutations being deleterious and the rest neutral." https://lnkd.in/dGC6A7c View in LinkedIn

BENEFICIAL MUTATIONS, TIME AND POPULATION. "Nonetheless, given the long time scale available to biological evolution along with large population sizes, such gradual stepwise beneficial changes will lead to the emergence of complexity." https://lnkd.in/dGC6A7c View in LinkedIn