linkedin post 2020-11-24 05:16:38

linkedin post 2020-11-24 05:16:38

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GIANT CHARGE SEPARATION. “Combining the collisions with the freezing, we can begin to understand how a cloud may acquire the extreme charge separation that is required for a lightning strike. When there is a charge separation in a cloud, there is also an electric field that is associated with the separation. Like the cloud, this field is negative in the lower region and positive in the upper region. The strength or intensity of the electric field is directly related to the amount of charge buildup in the cloud.” http://science.howstuffworks.com/nature/natural-disasters/lightning1.htm View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2020-11-24 05:19:10

linkedin post 2020-11-24 05:19:10

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ELECTRON FLUX. “As the collisions and freezing continue to occur and the charges at the top and bottom of the cloud increase, the electric field becomes more and more intense -- so intense, in fact, that the electrons at the earth's surface are repelled deeper into the earth by the strong negative charge at the lower portion of the cloud. This repulsion of electrons causes the earth's surface to acquire a strong positive charge. All that is needed now is a conductive path for the negative cloud bottom to contact the positive earth surface. The strong electric field, being somewhat self-sufficient, creates this path.” http://science.howstuffworks.com/nature/natural-disasters/lightning1.htm View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2020-11-25 04:58:36

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“ION-PAIRS are continually produced in the atmosphere by radiolysis of air molecules. The ions produced are rarely single species but clusters of water molecules around a central ion. Typical atmospheric ion concentrations in unpolluted air and fine weather are about 500 ions.cm(-3).” https://lnkd.in/dmetfSb View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2020-11-25 05:00:34

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HIGH ENERGY PARTICLES. “There are three principal sources of high-energy particles which cause radiolysis: Radon isotopes, cosmic rays and terrestrial gamma radiation. The partitioning between the sources varies vertically. Near the surface, ionisation from turbulent transport of radon and other radioactive isotopes is important, together with gamma radiation from isotopes below the surface. Ionisation from cosmic rays is always present, comprising about 20% of the ionisation at the surface.” https://lnkd.in/dmetfSb View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2020-11-25 05:03:57

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“SMALL IONS consist of clusters of water molecules collected around a singly charged ion. They have a lifetime of the order of a hundred seconds. Clusters such as H3O+(H2O)n, H+(H2O)n, NO+(H2O)n and NO2+(H2O)n are common for the positive ions and O2-(H2O)n, CO4-(H2O)n, NO-(H2O)n or NO2-(H2O)n for the negative ions. The chemical difference between the species in the positive and negative ions leads to some physical asymmetries in the ion properties, with the negative ions more mobile.” https://lnkd.in/dmetfSb View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2020-11-25 05:06:06

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ASYMMETRICAL CHARGES. “Collisions between the ions and atmospheric aerosol lead to charge-exchange and electrification of the aerosol, and the ion asymmetry ensures that the collisions do not lead to an average charge of zero. Local electric fields can cause further asymmetries, by depletion of one sign of ion concentration, and consequently substantial aerosol electrification can occur in such regions.” https://lnkd.in/dmetfSb View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2020-11-25 05:07:45

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CHARGED IONS. “Regions of aerosol particles, some of which may acquire appreciable charges, are the principal perturbation to atmospheric electric fields under fair weather conditions. In general the upper and lower surfaces of a horizontal region of particles or droplets will charge from ions flowing vertically as a result of the fair weather conduction current, and the region within the layer will be of low conductivity compared with that of the surrounding air.” https://lnkd.in/dmetfSb View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2020-11-25 05:09:52

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AEROSOL ELECTRIFICATION. "Stratified regions of aerosol will charge in the atmosphere under quiescent conditions as a result of ion transport by the conduction current. Although the charges carried are unlikely to be sufficiently large to initiate bulk discharge processes such as lightning, the distribution of charges expected on aerosols under natural ion asymmetry may yield a small fraction of particles with significant charge levels.” https://lnkd.in/dmetfSb View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2020-11-25 05:12:18

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CHARGE SCAVENGING. “The scavenging of aerosol particles by cloud droplets has been shown to be greatly enhanced when the aerosol particles have a few tens of elementary electrical charges on them. Such charged aerosol particles are formed with a lifetime of tens of minutes, on evaporation of typical charged cloud droplets in clouds, that need be only weakly electrified.” https://lnkd.in/dHtJZsW View in LinkedIn
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