Month: September 2022

MEASURING FOAM. “There have been numerous proposals to detect spacetime foam, involving astronomical high-energy gamma ray observations of distant gamma-ray bursts and distant quasars, gravity-wave interferometers and atom interferometers and so forth.” https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/11/1035/htm View in LinkedIn

TOO MUCH NOISE. “But when the proper averaging is carried out (even if there is such a formalism), now it appears (at least to this author) that the fluctuations are perhaps too small to be detectable with the currently available experimental and observational techniques. Nevertheless, let us briefly discuss several of the proposals to detect spacetime foam.” https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/11/1035/htm View in LinkedIn

AQUEOUS RECRYSTALLIZATION. “Clay minerals are characterized by tetrahedral sheets occupied by Si and subordinately Al and Fe3+. These sheets join together along the surfaces with different combinations, giving rise to different layers, which in turn join to form different clay minerals. In the various clay minerals, the layers have different layer charges as a function of the substitution of higher charge cations with cations with lower charges (e.g., replacement of Si4+ with Al3+ in tetrahedral sheets).” https://lnkd.in/gZNkNQEB View in LinkedIn

The annual ritual of the triumph of hope over experience, set to the powerful beat of Stravinsky’s Rite of Spring. View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE continues from last weekend and concludes this weekend on the theme of emergence. This concept has far-reaching consequence in science and if finally understood, will undoubtedly usher in a sea-change in a variety of concepts about how things are connected. https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn

CONNECTED IDEAS. “In this context, probability distributions are to be understood as epistemic statements used to represent states of limited knowledge, and Shannon’s entropy corresponds to a fundamental measure of uncertainty.” https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn

INFORMATION IS KEY. “A particularly well-suited framework to study interdependencies in complex systems, establishing information as a ‘common currency’ of interdependence that allows one to assess and compare diverse systems in a principled and substrate-independent manner.” https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn

INFORMATION PARTICLES. “Integrated Information Decomposition (ΦID), which establishes information atoms not only in terms of the relationship between the predictors, but also between the targets.” https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn

“FIG. 2. Example published applications of the ΦID approach to causal emergence. Examples include A) Conway’s Game of Life, B) a bird flocking model, C) macaque ECoG during motor control, D) human resting-state fMRI brain activity, and E) human fMRI during loss of consciousness.” https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn

GAME OF LIFE. “The efficacy of the presented framework to detect emergence was demonstrated in a paradigmatic example of emergent behaviour: Conway’s celebrated Game of Life (GoL). In GoL, simple local rules determine whether a given cell of a 2D grid will be ON (alive) or OFF (dead) based on the number of ON cells in its immediate neighbourhood.” https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn