Month: September 2022

ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS IN BIOLOGY. "Since the discovery in the late 18th century of electrically induced mechanical response in muscle tissue, coupling between electrical and mechanical phenomena has been shown to be a near-universal feature of biological systems." https://lnkd.in/ejQXn-P View in LinkedIn

PHOTONIC CRYSTALS in nature (responsible for the extraordinary colors of feathers, shells, insects) were effectively the first semiconductors, by separating, gating, and differentiating streams of photons into separated, assymetrical channels to undergo a number of known physical phenomena, such as interference and reflectivity to achieve a shimmering effect. Crystalline or layered structures are at the heart of the ability to manipulate energy. View in LinkedIn

CRYSTAL STRUCTURES GENERATE ASSYMETRY. "One of the most important manifestations of electromechanical coupling in biological systems is piezoelectricity, which stems from the crystal structure of most biopolymers including cellulose, collagen, keratin, chitin, amylose, and DNA. Piezoelectricity has been found in a number of biological systems including bones, teeth, wood, proteins, polysaccharides, etc." https://lnkd.in/ejQXn-P View in LinkedIn

CONSTRAINTS OF SYMMETRY. "The physical properties of all the materials are well known to be determined by their symmetry. The lower the symmetry, the richer the palette of material physical properties. On the other hand, the lower is the symmetry of a system, the more ordered it is. Certainly, living organic materials are highly ordered, and one may expect properties characteristic for low-symmetry materials, such as, for example, piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects." http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-011-4094-2_1 View in LinkedIn

ASYMMETRY DRIVES BIOLOGICAL MOTORS. "In biological materials, piezoelectric properties are related to the presence of oriented biopolymer molecules, such as polypeptides, polysaccharides, and polynucleotides, the structure of which are characterized by non-centrosymmetric point groups." https://lnkd.in/ejQXn-P View in LinkedIn

PIZOELECTRIC TRANSDUCERS. "The piezoelectric effect in polymers is usually explained in terms of the uniaxial orientation of the polymer crystallites and the classical piezoelectric property of these crystallites. Polarization caused by stress gradient seems to be necessary to the understanding of the geometrical relationship between stress and polarization." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0041624X68901327 View in LinkedIn

POLARIZATION is the key output of energy driven through an asymmetric crystalline system preferably with phase changes. Light is changed from uniform and symmetric to asymmetric light that can be used to generate information, or a signal, and do work. https://lnkd.in/eEcTq6T View in LinkedIn

Polarized light is changed from uniform and symmetric to asymmetric light that can be used to generate information, or a signal, and do work. Liquid crystals (LCDs) are photoswitchable chiral switches composed of two physical phases. This is extreme Biomimicry. https://lnkd.in/eEcTq6T View in LinkedIn

MOLECULAR MACHINES imitating nature can be constructed that are driven by polarized light. https://lnkd.in/eJ84RTR View in LinkedIn

ASSYMETRY = A SWITCH. "After the discovery of strong piezoelectricity in ferroelectrics, numerous applications as sensors, actuators, and transducers have emerged. At the heart of the majority of these applications is ferroelectric polarization switching."" "" " View in LinkedIn