Month: September 2022

DYNAMICS OF CHAOS. "What unites these questions – how bone gets its architecture and how the shifting shapes of swarming starlings are generated – is that both exhibit spontaneous pattern-formation associated with the dynamics of chaos. This phenomenon, in which structured shapes appear as if from nowhere in dynamic systems is referred to as non-linear pattern formation (NPF)." https://lnkd.in/efe-KPB View in LinkedIn

CHAOS THEORY. "Chaos: When the present determines the future, but the approximate present does not approximately determine the future." (Edward Lorenz). "Chaos theory is the field of study in mathematics that studies the behavior of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions—a response popularly referred to as the butterfly effect." https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_theory View in LinkedIn

STRUCTURED PATTERNS. "At the heart of NPF is the fact that quite simple rules of interaction between interacting elements in a dynamic system, multiplied and repeated many times, can lead to highly complex, non-repeating, and structured patterns." (NPF: Chaotic non-linear pattern formation). https://lnkd.in/efe-KPB View in LinkedIn

BONE SWARMS. "In the same way that birds in a swarm respond to their neighbors, there is increasing evidence in bone remodeling of active communication both ways between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, better described as coupling or feedback." https://lnkd.in/efe-KPB View in LinkedIn

TURBULENCE. "Once one begins to develop a “feel” for non-linear pattern systems, it is not hard to find them elsewhere in bone structures. For instance, one of the phenomena associated with chaos in fluid dynamics is turbulence. Here is an easy way to see the onset of turbulence." https://lnkd.in/efe-KPB View in LinkedIn

COMPLEX TASKS. "Much use has been made of particle swarm optimization as a tool to solve complex optimisation tasks, and many extensions and modifications to the original algorithm have been proposed. One such extension is related to the murmuration or flocking behaviour of starling birds and their flight trajectories in relation to flock cohesion giving rise to the so-called flock of starlings optimisation algorithm." https://lnkd.in/e96DgxW View in LinkedIn

"BACTERIORHODOPSIN (BR) is one of the most studied proteins for use in bioelectronic and biomimetic devices. The absorption of a photon by the retinal chromophore of BR is one of the most efficient and stable photochemical reactions found in nature." https://lnkd.in/eqeu6na View in LinkedIn

WHOPPING RATES. "The photochemical stability of BR, commonly referred to as the cyclicity, is a measure of the number of times that the protein can be converted between two states before 37 per cent (1/e) of the material denatures. At ambient temperatures, the cyclicity of BR has been found to exceed 10(6)." (Bacteriorhodopsin). https://lnkd.in/eqeu6na View in LinkedIn

"RHODOPSIN is a photon receptor protein in the rod photoreceptors. It comprises 348 amino acids, in which mutations in several of the amino acid positions can lead to blinding conditions. In the resting state, rhodopsin consists of the protein opsin and a covalently bound retinal molecule, which acts as a chromophore. In this state, the retinal molecule is in the 11-cis configuration." https://lnkd.in/eTtJ_KE View in LinkedIn

RHODOPSIN ACTIVATION. "Upon photon absorption by rhodopsin, therefore, a cascade of events occur, which results in the hyperpolarization of the photoreceptor membranes, and it is this alteration in membrane potential, which ultimately initiates signalling to post-synaptic neurons." https://lnkd.in/eTtJ_KE View in LinkedIn