Month: September 2022

LARVAL METAMORPHOSIS "is a key innovation in insect development, which involves the stage-specific destruction of a number of tissues at the end of the larval growth and the formation of new adult structures. In this context, the selection of highly regulated mechanisms to control developmentally induced cell death has been a key associated event." https://lnkd.in/ewfHeYN View in LinkedIn

AUTODIGESTION. "Unlike most other animals, holometabolous insects, such as B. mori, undergo a metamorphosis, which is accompanied by dramatic changes in external and internal features during the transformation of larvae into adults. These changes include the neuronal apoptosis of brains during the transformation of larva to pupa." https://lnkd.in/erwc5rX View in LinkedIn

GRIM REAPER. "The development of the Drosophila embryo into an adult fly is a process that integrates cell proliferation and differentiation with programmed cell death, or apoptosis. Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved process that is controlled in the developing fly by the products of the genes reaper, grim, and hid." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0177(200005)218:1%3C68::AID-DVDY6%3E3.0.CO;2-9/full View in LinkedIn

HORMONE TRIGGER IN INSECTS. "Programmed cell death in larval tissues appears to be transcriptionally regulated in response to ecdysone levels. In both the larval midgut and the larval salivary gland, ecdysone pulses are followed promptly by the expression of the cell-death genes rpr and hid and the subsequent destruction of these tissues." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0177(200005)218:1%3C68::AID-DVDY6%3E3.0.CO;2-9/full View in LinkedIn

FRUIT FLY LIMB DEVELOPMENT. "The development of a properly proportioned structure requires the strict regulation of cell numbers, and programmed cell death plays a key role. In the developing wing, a small number of epithelial cells are undergoing apoptosis at any given time during the second and third larval instars and during pupal development. Cell death during this period is seen in isolated single cells or in small clusters of synchronously dying cells." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0177(200005)218:1%3C68::AID-DVDY6%3E3.0.CO;2-9/full View in LinkedIn

MASSIVE TISSUE ENGINEERING. "Tissues in the larvae and pupae of holometabolous insects undergo massive degeneration. During the normal postembryonic development of these insects, apoptosis removes “pre-apoptotic” cells from a variety of tissues, including inter-segmental muscles, central nervous system, prothoracic glands, midgut and salivary glands, retina and silk gland." https://lnkd.in/erwc5rX View in LinkedIn

OPERATIONAL VS INFORMATIONAL. "In prokaryotes, horizontally acquired genes tend to be operational, typically encoding enzymes, rather than informational, that is, genes involved in transcription and translation. It has recently been suggested that network connectivity is a more important consideration than function, but nevertheless most identified foreign genes are concerned with metabolism." https://lnkd.in/e5G7Nk8 View in LinkedIn

MOST GENE INSERTS ARE UNCHARACTERIZED. "Many foreign genes are, like many native genes, currently uncharacterised, even in intensively studied model organisms; for example, the human (foreign) gene ENSG00000136830 is annotated ‘family with sequence similarity 129, member B’, but there is no information on its role." https://lnkd.in/e5G7Nk8 View in LinkedIn

IMPORTED GENES. "In the human we find genes in five of the six categories: amino-acid metabolism (two genes), macromolecule modification (15 genes), lipid metabolism (13 genes), antioxidant activities (five genes) and innate immune response (seven genes)." https://lnkd.in/e5G7Nk8 View in LinkedIn

IMPORTED GENE SOURCE. "Foreign genes predominately originate from bacteria and protists." https://lnkd.in/e5G7Nk8 View in LinkedIn