Month: September 2022

ONLY FOUR NUCLEOTIDES BUILD DNA. "There are basically four nucleotide bases, which make up the DNA. Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T) and Cytosine(C)." (You knew that, but I am building my case). https://lnkd.in/e7TPGqw View in LinkedIn

ONLY 26,000 GENES. "There is good evidence for 26,383 protein-coding genes, according to J. Craig Venter and colleagues at Celera Genomics. Based on a combination of computer data and human analysis, there is some evidence that the genome may contain another 12,731 or so genes, but it is too early to know for sure; some of the predicted genes may be overestimates." https://lnkd.in/ex9kCjU View in LinkedIn

ONLY 20 AMINO ACIDS MAKE PROTEINS. "There are 22 standard amino acids, but only 21 are found in eukaryotes. Of the 22, 20 are directly encoded by the universal genetic code. Humans can synthesize 11 of these 20 from each other or from other molecules of intermediary metabolism. The other 9 must be consumed in the diet." https://lnkd.in/eeMC3wc View in LinkedIn

FINITE SIZE RANGE. "Proteins exist in a finite range of sizes with a limited amino acid alphabet. We find that these restrictions set an intrinsic limit to designing protein interfaces that can bind selectively to target proteins, while remaining relatively repulsive to all other protein interfaces." https://lnkd.in/eTyvTV7 View in LinkedIn

GENOTYPE-PHENOTYPE. "Since the release of a high-quality human genome sequence a decade ago, our ability to assign genotypes to phenotypes has exploded. Genes have been identified for most Mendelian disorders and over 100,000 alleles have been implicated in at least one disorder. Hundreds of susceptibility loci have been uncovered for numerous complex traits and the genomes of a few thousand human tumors have been nearly fully sequenced." https://lnkd.in/ekfTsQz View in LinkedIn

SURPRISE. "One of the perhaps most surprising results of the genome-sequencing projects was that the number of genes is much lower than had been expected and is, in fact, surprisingly similar for very different organisms. For example, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans appears to have a similar number of genes as humans, whereas rice and maize appear to have even more genes than humans." https://lnkd.in/eRf9t-7 View in LinkedIn

CORNERSTONE PROTEINS. "Approximately 39% of the 19,709 human protein-coding genes are predicted to have either a signal peptide and/or at least one transmembrane region suggesting active transport of the corresponding protein out of the cell (secretion) or location in one of the numerous membrane systems in the cell." https://lnkd.in/eyqgiYT View in LinkedIn

GENE LANDSCAPE. "Interestingly, several genes code for multiple protein isoforms (splice variants) with alternative locations, including 676 genes with both secreted and membrane-bound isoforms. 2,927 genes (15%) are predicted to have at least one secreted protein product, while 5,462 (28%) are predicted to have at least one membrane-bound protein product." https://lnkd.in/eyqgiYT View in LinkedIn

INTERNAL PROTEINS. "In addition, 11,996 (61%) genes are predicted to be intracellular, i.e. no secreted or membrane-bound protein product, and most likely as intracellular proteins in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus." https://lnkd.in/eyqgiYT View in LinkedIn

TWO MILLION PROTEINS. "It is also estimated that human body has the ability to generate 2 million different types of proteins, coded by only 20,000 - 25,000 of our genes. The sum of proteins in biological organisms exceeds 10 million, but nobody has a clear picture of this." https://lnkd.in/eWShf4J View in LinkedIn