Month: September 2022

EXOGENOUS EDITING AGENTS. "As opposed to persistent endogenous agents of natural genome editing in eukaryotes, we find persistent exogenous agents in prokaryotes that are competent in natural genome editing of the prokaryotic gene pool. This process has long been visualized as horizontal gene transfer and is now recognized as occurring via plasmids, phages, and transposons, all with viral ancestors." https://lnkd.in/euyhznh View in LinkedIn

BROAD RANGE OF FUNCTIONS. "Noncoding RNAs that function in gene regulation coordinate and organize various actions, such as chromatin modification and epigenetic memory, transcriptional regulation, control of alternative splicing, RNA modification and RNA editing, control of mRNA turnover, control of translation, and signal transduction." https://lnkd.in/euyhznh View in LinkedIn

NEW THINKING. "In contrast to former opinions about the expression levels of genomes it is now increasingly clear that most eukaryotic genomes are highly expressed and a great abundance of noncoding RNAs with regulatory functions are transcribed." https://lnkd.in/euyhznh View in LinkedIn

REGULATE ALL ASPECTS. "Most of these noncoding RNAs are alternatively spliced and divided into smaller RNAs that are integral parts of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. They regulate nearly all aspects of gene regulation. Small RNA species include micro-RNAs, small interfering RNAs, small nuclear RNAs, and small nucleolar and transfer RNAs." https://lnkd.in/euyhznh View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE continues for the second weekend on the metabolic adaptations of pines to extreme climates. The seasonal changes in the metabolism of these trees, triggered by gene activation and suppression, is complex and effective in preparing the trees for resource derivation and excess. Enjoy these majestic creatures. View in LinkedIn

CONIFEROUS EVERGREEN TREES mostly have needle-shaped leaves and bear cones. Forests today occupy about a third of the world's land area (19.2 million square miles), and contain 70% of the carbon present in living creatures. Boreal forests or taiga (composed of evergreens) represent one of the largest terrestial biomes, and represent about a third of all forests on this planet. https://lnkd.in/eet7Zbm View in LinkedIn

STRUCTURAL REMODELING. "The ultrastructure of mesophyll cells of Pinus silvestris L. is known to vary depending on the conditions of the physical environment (e.g., temperature, light level). Changes in cell ultrastructure of P. silvestris L. needles cell under natural conditions involve all organelles and take place either in response to spontaneously occurring extreme weather events or to regular seasonal changes (in spring and in autumn)." https://lnkd.in/etsa67h View in LinkedIn

NEEDLE CHLOROPLAST CHANGES. "The fastest and most substantial changes in needle cells take place in the chloroplasts. In mild climatic zones, the most substantial rearrangements in structural organization of chloroplast membranes are observed during the transition to the autumn/winter period and are presumably associated with protection from damage and with the beginning of the dormant stage." https://lnkd.in/etsa67h View in LinkedIn

CHLOROPLAST FLEXIBILITY. "The plants of the Pamir and Arctic regions demonstrate a reduction in size and quantity of chloroplasts in response to low temperatures and high level of solar radiation. The high flexibility of chloroplast membrane structure plays an important role in resistance and functional activity of the photosynthesis apparatus." https://lnkd.in/etsa67h View in LinkedIn

CHLOROPLAST REDUCTIONS. "Membrane systems of chloroplasts featuring single thylakoids (stromal lamellae) and only small grana stacks have been proposed to serve to limit the quantity of solar radiation reaching photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes and to provide adaptation to high level of insolation...in plants of Pamir growing under high light conditions and low temperatures, chloroplasts contain mainly single thylakoids and small grana consisting of 2–4 thylakoids." https://lnkd.in/etsa67h View in LinkedIn