Month: September 2022

INTRON REMOVAL. Genetic "information is transcribed from DNA into a messenger RNA (mRNA) template by a process called transcription. However, in eukaryotes, before the mRNA can be translated into proteins, non-coding portions of the sequence, called introns, must be removed and protein-coding parts, called exons, joined by RNA splicing to produce a mature mRNA." http://bitesizebio.com/10148/what-is-alternative-splicing-and-why-is-it-important/ View in LinkedIn

ALTERNATIVE SPLICING "is a process by which exons or portions of exons or noncoding regions within a pre-mRNA transcript are differentially joined or skipped, resulting in multiple protein isoforms being encoded by a single gene. This mechanism increases the informational diversity and functional capacity of a gene during post-transcriptional processing and provides an opportunity for gene regulation." http://bitesizebio.com/10148/what-is-alternative-splicing-and-why-is-it-important/ View in LinkedIn

INTRONS AMPLIFY DIVERSITY. "Introns can increase the diversity of protein products by modulating alternative splicing." Not one gene one protein. http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

MAJORITY OF GENES ALTERNATIVELY SPLICE. "At least 75% of roughly 30,000 human genes undergo alternative splicing to encode two or more splice isoforms, with striking variation across tissue types and developmental stages." http://bitesizebio.com/10148/what-is-alternative-splicing-and-why-is-it-important/ View in LinkedIn

ROLES IN TIME AND SPACE. "Greater than 95% of human multi-exon genes express multiple splice isoforms. Furthermore, there is evidence for alternatively splicing events that are often differentially regulated across tissues and during development, as well as among individuals and populations, suggesting that individual isoforms may serve specific spatial or temporal roles." http://bitesizebio.com/10148/what-is-alternative-splicing-and-why-is-it-important/ View in LinkedIn

UNRESTRAINED INTRON EVOLUTION. "It is also clear that the vast majority of intronic sequence evolves in an unconstrained way, accumulating mutations at about the same rate as neutral regions." http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

"PSEUDOGENES are functionless relatives of genes that have lost their gene expression in the cell or their ability to code protein. Pseudogenes often result from the accumulation of multiple mutations within a gene whose product is not required for the survival of the organism. Although not protein-coding, the DNA of pseudogenes may be functional, similar to other kinds of noncoding DNA which can have a regulatory role." https://lnkd.in/euq3niU View in LinkedIn

PSEUDOGENES ARISE BY (1): "duplication - modifications (mutations, insertions, deletions, frame shifts) to the DNA sequence of a gene can occur during duplication. These disablements can result in loss of gene function at the transcription or translation level (or both) since the sequence no longer results in the production of a protein. Copies of genes that are disabled in such a manner are termed non-processed or duplicated pseudogenes." http://pseudogene.org/background.php View in LinkedIn

PSEUDOGENES ARISE BY (2): "retrotransposition - reverse transcription of an mRNA transcript with subsequent re-integration of the cDNA into the genome. Such copies of genes are termed processed pseudogenes. These pseudogenes can also accumulate random disablements over the course of evolution." http://pseudogene.org/background.php View in LinkedIn

PSEUDOGENES. "The human genome is also home to a large number of pseudogenes. Estimates of the total number range from 12,600 to 19,700." http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn