Year: 2022

TEMPORAL SEGREGATION SOLUTION. "Many unicellular organisms have overcome this problem by temporal segregation of incompatible activities, essentially cycling between phases dedicated solely to a single activity. These cycles can be regulated by endogenous rhythmic mechanisms, as well as by external signals." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/12/05/rspb.2011.1999.short View in LinkedIn

COMPARTMENTAL SOLUTION. "In a multicellular organism, such incompatible processes can take place simultaneously, but compartmentalized into separate cells." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/12/05/rspb.2011.1999.short View in LinkedIn

VOLVOX EXAMPLE. "A first well-studied example of emerging intercellular separation of poorly compatible activities is the germ–soma specialization in Volvox. Somatic cells gather nutrients from the environment, and provide germ cells with these nutrients. The somatic cells are flagellated, and the flagella are important for motility and transport of nutrients to the cells. Flagellation and cell division are incompatible, and this fact is probably one of the factors promoting differentiation between somatic and germ cells." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/12/05/rspb.2011.1999.short View in LinkedIn

0 https://soundcloud.com/riold-furtuna/on-resilience-risk-taking-and-wealth-with-serial-entrepreneur-nigel-fleming View in LinkedIn

@Ten fleming https://soundcloud.com/riold-furtuna/on-resilience-risk-taking-and-wealth-with-serial-entrepreneur-nigel-fleming View in LinkedIn

SEPARATION OF POOR COMPATIBILITIES. "A second well-studied example is the incompatibility between photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation, and the resolution of this incompatibility in filamentous cyanobacteria." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/12/05/rspb.2011.1999.short View in LinkedIn

SEPARATION IN CYANOBACTERIA. "The key enzyme for nitrogen fixation, nitrogenase, is sensitive to oxygen, and is thus inhibited by oxygenic photosynthesis. In filamentous cyanobacteria, this conflict is resolved by a spatial segregation of the two processes. A small proportion of the cells differentiate into heterocysts that fix nitrogen and do not engage in photosynthesis, and these heterocysts exchange metabolites with the vegetative cells in the same filament." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/12/05/rspb.2011.1999.short View in LinkedIn

DIVISION OF LABOR AND SPECIALIZATION. "The fitness advantage of such a division of labour is an important, if not crucial, factor in the emergence and evolution of multicellularity and cell specialization. In fact, the unicellular ancestors often already possess the prototypes of regulatory mechanisms that are needed to maintain cell specialization in multicellular forms." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/12/05/rspb.2011.1999.short View in LinkedIn

NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES? "Natural selection favours genes that increase an organism's ability to survive and reproduce. This would appear to lead to a world dominated by selfish behaviour." https://lnkd.in/dR7H7Yw View in LinkedIn

TO THE CONTRARY. "However, cooperation can be found at all levels of biological organisation: genes cooperate in genomes, organelles cooperate to form eukaryotic cells, cells cooperate to make multicellular organisms, bacterial parasites cooperate to overcome host defences, animals breed cooperatively, and humans and insects cooperate to build societies." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207014996 View in LinkedIn