Year: 2022

UNIQUE CONSEQUENCE OF INFORMATION. "The result is that the update rules change with time in a manner which is both a function of the current state and the history of the organism. This feature of “dynamical laws changing with states”, as far as we know, seems to be unique to biological organization and is a direct result of the peculiar nature of biological information." https://lnkd.in/dTS7dFy View in LinkedIn

MEANING IN CONTEXT. "Biological information is distinctive in its contextual or semantic nature, in other words it means something. For example, a gene is just a random sequence of nucleotides when taken in isolation, and is indistinguishable from junk, or noncoding, DNA." https://lnkd.in/dTS7dFy View in LinkedIn

GENES IN CONTEXT OF CELLS. "It is meaningful, or biologically functional, only within the context of the cell, where a suite of molecular hardware collaborate in decoding and executing the encoded instruction (e.g. to make a protein). As such, biological information is an abstract global systemic entity, carrying meaning only within the context of an entire living system." https://lnkd.in/dTS7dFy View in LinkedIn

EFFICACY OF INFORMATION. "Perhaps even more profound, this abstraction appears to have causal efficacy - it is the information that determines the state and hence the dynamics. As such, it is the efficacy of information that leads to the convolution of dynamical laws and states that makes biology so unique." https://lnkd.in/dTS7dFy View in LinkedIn

CONSEQUENCES OF CAUSAL EFFICACY. "This convolution results in multidirectional causality with causal influences running both up and down the hierarchy of structure of biological systems (e.g. both from genome to proteome, and from proteome to genome via the switching on and off of genes)." https://lnkd.in/dTS7dFy View in LinkedIn

BOTTOM-UP AND TOP-DOWN. "A full explanatory framework for biological processes should therefore include both bottom-up causation – such as when a gene is read-out to make a protein that affects cellular behavior – and top-down causation – as occurs when changes in the environment initiate an organismal response that permeates all the way down to the level of individual genes." https://lnkd.in/dTS7dFy View in LinkedIn

REVERSAL OF INFORMATION FLOW. "Higher levels of organization into a biological system should be characterized by a transition from bottom-up to top-down causation, mediated by a reversal in the dominant direction of information flow." https://lnkd.in/dTS7dFy View in LinkedIn

CHAIN OF EVENTS. "We suggest that major shifts in biological complexity – from lower level entities to the emergence of new, higher level entities – are associated with a physical transition (perhaps akin to a thermodynamic phase transition), and this physical transition is in turn associated with a fundamental change in causal structure." https://lnkd.in/dTS7dFy View in LinkedIn

Paris mayor unveils plan ​to restrict traffic and pedestrianise city centre. Cities without cars. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/08/paris-mayor-anne-hidalgo-plan-restrict-traffic-pedestrianise-city-centre-france?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other View in LinkedIn

Fewer car owners and more driverless vehicles in future, survey reveals https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/jan/09/fewer-car-owners-more-driverless-vehicles-future-survey-reveals?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other View in LinkedIn