Year: 2022

‘A MIND-BLOWING diversity of sex-determining mechanisms exists among eukaryotes." https://lnkd.in/dX2rADH View in LinkedIn

“SEX is a universal feature of eukaryotic organisms, yet tremendous variation in sex determination mechanisms exists even among closely related species, or among individuals within a species." https://lnkd.in/dX2rADH View in LinkedIn

"SEX CHROMOSOMES ensure the stable segregation of sexual phenotypes by preventing the recombination of sex determining genes. Despite continuous efforts, sex determining genes of dioecious plants have not yet been cloned." https://lnkd.in/g2Bsw9g View in LinkedIn

Europe must act to protect the rights and freedoms of Catalans View in LinkedIn

GREAT DIVERSITY. "Sex determination shows a great diversity of mechanisms, ranging from temperature and other environmental cues to strict chromosomal control over this process. In the case of genetic sex determination, this variability is linked to a similarly high variation of sex chromosome differentiation." https://lnkd.in/gmexnVU View in LinkedIn

STANDARD SETS. "In vertebrates the most widespread situation is that a pair of sex chromosomes differs in males and females. Either females can be XX and produce only one type of gamete, being the “homogametic” sex, and then males are XY and thus heterogametic, like most mammals; or if females are heterogametic (in analogy: ZW), then males have two copies of the same sex chromosome and are ZZ, like in birds." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/34/10575.full View in LinkedIn

TRANSITION SETS. "Curiously, outside of mammals and birds, the phylogenetic patterns of these two obviously contrary modes of sex determination indicate many transitions. Many cases have been documented where closely related lineages switch between XY or ZW sex chromosomes, demonstrating that transitions between male and female heterogamety have occurred quite frequently in the evolutionary past of vertebrates." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/34/10575.full View in LinkedIn

MOVING SEX GENES. "When sex is determined by a single locus or chromosomal region, the corresponding chromosome pair becomes the sex chromosomes. However, the affiliation of the master sex-determining gene and a chromosome are not always forever. The same sex-determining gene can reside on different chromosomes in closely related species, for example in the salmonids (rainbow trout, salmon, and relatives)." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/34/10575.full View in LinkedIn

JUMPING GENES AND SEX GENES. "Here, recent evidence assigns transposable elements a role in having moved the male sex-determining gene to other chromosomes. As result, the Y chromosome is a different linkage group in several salmonid species. If large pieces or the entire Y are translocated to an autosome, so-called “neo-Y chromosomes” and multiple sex-chromosome systems are created." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/34/10575.full View in LinkedIn

CHANGING MASTER GENES. "Even more intriguingly, the master sex-determining gene itself can change; and depending on the type of change, this has different chromosomal consequences. If for example, the function of a gene as a male sex-determining gene is turned over to a different gene, which resides nearby on the same chromosome as the previous master gene, there is no change of the Y chromosome (homologous turnover)." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/34/10575.full View in LinkedIn