Year: 2022

CONTROL OF MERISTEMS. “Meristems continually supply new cells for post-embryonic plant development and coordinate the initiation of new organs, such as leaves and flowers. Meristem function is regulated by a large and interconnected dynamic system that includes transcription networks, intercellular protein signalling, polarized transport of hormones and a constantly changing cellular topology.” https://lnkd.in/gBriN3x View in LinkedIn

BODY PLAN FLEXIBILITY. “Plant development is remarkably plastic. Groups of totipotent cells termed meristems, which are maintained throughout the life of the plant, give rise to all post-embryonic organs from roots and leaves to petals and fruit. This allows plants, unlike metazoans, to change their final body plans dramatically in response to environmental, hormonal and nutritional cues.” https://lnkd.in/gjRTTC9 View in LinkedIn

EPIGENETIC SIGNALS. “Flowering plant development is wholly reliant on growth from meristems, which contain totipotent cells that give rise to all post-embryonic organs in the plant. Plants are uniquely able to alter their development throughout their lifespan through the generation of new organs in response to external signals.” https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7007-3-12 View in LinkedIn

BEHAVIOR VERSUS DEVELOPMENT. “Plants and animals have different solutions to the problem of survival in ever-changing and often adverse environments. Whereas animals focus mainly on behavioral responses, such as fighting or running away, plants have a remarkable repertoire of developmental tricks to shape their body and optimize their metabolism to specific environmental demands. This developmental flexibility involves permanent stem cell populations called meristems, de novo organogenesis, a remarkable capacity for regeneration, and directional growth responses to external cues.” https://lnkd.in/gJZZCq8 View in LinkedIn

HORMONES. “Similar to animal hormones, small endogenous signaling molecules coordinate developmental and physiological processes in plants. As with their animal counterparts, plant hormones act at low concentrations and are often not synthesized where they act.” http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009286740900258X View in LinkedIn

CELL CYCLE REGULATION. “Although plant cell division shares basic mechanisms with all eukaryotes, plants have evolved novel molecules orchestrating the cell cycle. Some regulatory proteins, such as cyclins and inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases, are particularly numerous in plants, possibly reflecting the remarkable ability of plants to modulate their postembryonic development.” https://lnkd.in/gMU_Jac View in LinkedIn

DNA REPLICATION. “Many plant cells also can continue DNA replication in the absence of mitosis, a process known as endoreduplication, causing polyploidy. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that regulate cell division and endoreduplication and we discuss our understanding, albeit very limited, on how the cell cycle is integrated with plant development.” https://lnkd.in/gMU_Jac View in LinkedIn

MITOSIS DIFFERENCES exist between plants and animals. https://lnkd.in/gtXb3Gu View in LinkedIn

CELL MIGRATION. “What mostly distinguishes animals from plants during development is motility and migration of cells. An example of migrating cells is a population of neural crest cells seen in all the vertebrates, which emigrate from the neural tube during early development.” https://lnkd.in/gVFjvM2 View in LinkedIn

IMPORTANT DISTINCTION. “However, there are differences in the roles of hormones in plants and animals. For example, in animals, tissue morphogenesis often occurs through defined and invasive cell migration, whereas plant cells are immobilized due to rigid cell walls and thus have to rely on mobile signals to trigger comparable tissue reprogramming. In general, the synthesis of hormones in plants is not restricted to a particular, specialized tissue. Moreover, there is also extensive crosstalk between different hormonal and other signaling pathways that ultimately determine physiological outcomes.” http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009286740900258X View in LinkedIn