Year: 2022

PRINCIPLE 5. “Gene ontology will fail without higher-level " "insight.” https://lnkd.in/eBKWC7d View in LinkedIn

PRINCIPLE 6. “There is no genetic program.” https://lnkd.in/eBKWC7d View in LinkedIn

PRINCIPLE 7. “There are no programs at any other level.” https://lnkd.in/eBKWC7d View in LinkedIn

PRINCIPLE 8. “There are no programs in the brain.” https://lnkd.in/eBKWC7d View in LinkedIn

PRINCIPLE 9. “The self is not an object.” https://lnkd.in/eBKWC7d View in LinkedIn

PRINCIPLE 10. “There are many more to be discovered; a genuine ‘theory of biology’ does not yet exist.” https://lnkd.in/eBKWC7d View in LinkedIn

BLIND WATCHMAKER. “Was the watchmaker blind?” as Professor Richard Dawkins proposes, where evolution is random mutation followed by natural selection. Blind chance. Evolution has no foresight. Denis Nobel suggests a 21st century viewpoint, where evolution can be directional, organisms can harness stochasticity, with a one-eyed watchmaker responding epigenetically. Defied by unidirectional information flow. https://lnkd.in/eBKWC7d View in LinkedIn

REDUCTIONISM FAILS. You cannot derive the function of organisms entirely from their molecules, despite a long history of thinking that you could. Does biology generate order from molecular disorder? Perhaps not, suggests Denis Nobel. Life is a process not fully programmed at the molecular level, generating order from disorder. Stochasticity is a key feature of gene expression. Non-genetic heterogeneity of cells in development is more than noise. https://lnkd.in/eBKWC7d View in LinkedIn

TARGETED HYPERMUTATION. Genome reorganization does occur in response to stress by targeted stochastic mutation as in the case of targeted somatic hypermutation in immune cells, where the hypervariable gene region only on immunoglobulin, which mutates hugely (100,000 to 1,000,000 fold change) in response to stress. Imports directionality while using stochasticity. https://lnkd.in/eBKWC7d View in LinkedIn

DUAL STATES. Stochasticity (randomness) necessarily coexists with functionality and they exist at different levels. Random mutation followed by natural selection plus targeted functionality generated from random behavior is the coexistence. https://lnkd.in/eBKWC7d View in LinkedIn