Year: 2022

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FRAGMENT FROM NATURE continues from last weekend and concludes this weekend on the theme of horizontal gene transfer. Although first described in the 1930s, it was not taken very seriously by biologists until about 1999, when it was increasingly realized that it played an important role in the evolution of many, if not all creatures. And that the main agents of this gene transfer were bacteria, jumping genes, and virus-like agents. Now it is accepted by the mainstream. https://lnkd.in/deYxkt5 View in LinkedIn

EVOLVED UPTAKE. "The long-known existence of DNA uptake signal sequences and proteins that bind them, which jointly comprise a discrimination mechanism allowing bacteria to preferentially take up DNA from closely related organisms, is another piece of evidence in support of the view of transformation as an evolved route of gene transfer, apart from the nutritional value of DNA." https://lnkd.in/dSemZpD View in LinkedIn

TRADITIONAL METHODS. "Bacterial and archaeal conjugation (prokaryotic sex) is a mechanism of genetic material transfer between microbial cells that combines features of selfish genetic elements and devices for gene transfer." https://lnkd.in/dSemZpD View in LinkedIn

PLASMIDS. "Conjugative plasmids encode proteins required for autonomous replication, whereas integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs, or conjugative transposons) typically replicate while integrated into the host chromosome but have the ability to excise and form plasmid-like molecules." https://lnkd.in/dSemZpD View in LinkedIn

CARGO GENES. "Both types of elements are transferred by the conjugation molecular machinery (type IV secretion systems) and typically carry ‘cargo’ genes unrelated to the transposon life cycle. Thus, these selfish elements are at the same time vehicles for HGT that mediate microbial adaptation by introducing new genes into the recipient genomes." (HGT = horizontal gene transfer). https://lnkd.in/dSemZpD View in LinkedIn

GENE TRANSFER AGENTS. "Perhaps the most striking showcase for dedicated vehicles of HGT are the gene transfer agents (GTAs), defective prophages that form virus particles in which they package apparently random fragments of the bacterial chromosome rather than the phage genome." (HGT = horizontal gene transfer). https://lnkd.in/dSemZpD View in LinkedIn

DISTANT GENE SWAPS. "The GTAs then infect other bacteria or archaea, and the transferred DNA integrates into the recipient genome. In marine bacterial communities, the rate of GTA-mediated gene transfer appears to be quite high and often involves distantly related organisms." (GTAs = gene transfer agents). https://lnkd.in/dSemZpD View in LinkedIn