Year: 2022

BRILLIANT WING COLORS. "Structural colors are created by ... interference, refraction, or diffraction ... rather than by a pigment ... the arrangement of physical structures interacting with light ... The iridescence is caused by multiple slit interference ... "Interference" occurs when light hitting the wing interacts with light reflected off the wing." https://lnkd.in/dZxyWvW View in LinkedIn

STRUCTURAL COLORATION. "Rather than statically absorb and reflect certain light wavelengths as pigments and dyes do, these structures selectively cancel out certain colors through wavelength interference while reflecting others ... This system of producing color allows for the dynamic control of light flow and wavelength interaction." https://lnkd.in/dyyrxPR View in LinkedIn

BUTTERFLY SCALE GYROIDS. "A gyroid is shaped like a stack of boomerangs, each with three blades, that are oriented in alternating directions ... butterflies modify these into unique single gyroid structures, which allow all wavelengths of light to pass through except for one, which reflects. The size of the gyroid structure is what determines the color." http://www.livescience.com/6606-source-shimmering-butterfly-wing-colors-revealed.html View in LinkedIn

NANOMETER GYROID IRRIDESCENCE. "The majority of butterfly colors are pigmentary. However, scientists have now found out that vibrant green wing colors can also be induced by complex three dimensional crystals – called gyroids ... The gyroid network forms during the butterflies’ cocoon phase and refracts light in the adult insect’s wing." http://www.micronaut.ch/shop/gyroid-structures/ View in LinkedIn

INFLUENCING WING COLOR. "They've changed the color of butterfly wings ... by influencing evolution. The desired color for the butterfly wings was achieved by changing the relative thickness of the wing scales -- specifically, those of the lower lamina. It took less than a year of selective breeding to produce the color change from brown to violet." https://lnkd.in/d9XCZcF View in LinkedIn

A DECADE OF HEALTH FOCUS. "During the last decade, tobacco control has enjoyed a historically remarkable prominence within international health, a status epitomised by the extensive ratification of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the first international public health treaty negotiated by the WHO." http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/21/2/274.full View in LinkedIn

WHO-PHARMA PARTNERSHIP. "The strength of the Partnership Project lies in the fact that it has brought together three major pharmaceutical companies, Glaxo Wellcome, Novartis Consumer Health and Pharmacia & Upjohn, all manufacturers of treatment products for tobacco dependence, to support a common goal that will have a significant impact on public health." https://lnkd.in/dAMF8ZG View in LinkedIn

BUT, PHARMA-TOBACCO LINKS EXIST. A 2001 letter from ASH, the anti-smoking lobby, in the UK to the CEO of Glaxo Smith Kline about how disgusted they are that Derek Bonham, Chairman of Imperial Tobacco, sits on the board of GSK. GSK markets Zyban and Niquitin CQ for smoking cessation. https://lnkd.in/dAMF8ZG View in LinkedIn

PHARMA-TOBACCO TIES. "Tobacco companies pressured pharmaceutical companies to scale back their smoking cessation educational materials that accompanied Nicorette. The second shows how they restricted to whom the pharmaceutical company could market its transdermal nicotine patch." And a third case. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12169078 View in LinkedIn

TOBACCO COMPANIES MOVE INTO E-CIGARETTES. "Tobacco manufacturers are moving into the manufacture and sale of electronic cigarettes, according to CNBC. The business, which brought in $400 million to $500 million in sales in 2012, is expected to at least double this year, one expert predicts." https://lnkd.in/dEuEAeA View in LinkedIn