COMPLEX HOST-SWITCHING. “Since phytoplasmas are endocellular parasites that lack a cell wall, their membrane proteins and secreted proteins function directly in the host cell. One-third of the genes is affected during host switching between plant and insect, suggesting that the phytoplasma alters its gene expression in response to its host and may use transporters, membrane proteins, secreted proteins, and metabolic enzymes in a host-specific manner.”
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