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BALANCE OF NATURE. "The idea that there is a "balance of nature" is commonly held by biologists. They feel that the organisms in a community are harmoniously adjusted to one another so that a state of dynamic equilibrium exists." https://lnkd.in/dK-66Q6 View in LinkedIn

MODEL OPTIMIZATION. "The learning process optimises the fit of the model to the observations (or minimises the discrepancy between the model and the observations) by incrementally adjusting the parameters of the model." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11692-015-9358-z View in LinkedIn

CAUSTIC CRITICISM. "Slobodkin's statement may well be the most thoroughly falsified hypothesis still current in population biology. A survey of the literature fails to disclaim se a single case of a natural population behaving in the manner described." An outlier opinion. https://lnkd.in/dK-66Q6 View in LinkedIn

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION. "Evolutionarily, this is like the difference between adapting the parameters of a phenotype directly (e.g. the traits of a phenotype) vs adapting the parameters of a developmental process that produces fit phenotypes (this is a distinction which is lost when we assume a one-to-one mapping between genotype and phenotype)." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11692-015-9358-z View in LinkedIn

THE WORLD IS GREEN PROPOSITION, Hairston, Smith, and Slobodkin (1960). "The green biomass (in mature terrestrial communities) exists because predators kept herbivores in check." https://lnkd.in/d6T6CmR View in LinkedIn

OPTIMIZING THE PROCESS NOT OUTPUT. "Note that in a learning system the object of this incremental improvement process is different from a conventional optimisation process. Whereas a simple processes of optimisation (or incremental improvement) is usually applied to a solution or output directly, a learning process optimises a model of good solutions or outputs or an indirect representation of solutions." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11692-015-9358-z View in LinkedIn

BALANCE OF NATURE. "Darwin nevertheless saw the ecological roles of the diversity of species as parts of an almost superorganismic nature, and his main contribution to the idea of a balance of nature was his constant emphasis on competition and other mortality factors that kept all species' populations in check." https://lnkd.in/d8aX399 View in LinkedIn

NOT MACHINE LEARNING. "But, in fact, all of the phenomena relevant to our evolutionary questions can be produced by intention-less algorithms with simple incremental improvement mechanisms." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11692-015-9358-z View in LinkedIn

MACHINE LEARNING. "It is common to think of learning systems as sophisticated machines (or intelligent organisms) with goal-directed intentions designed for the purpose of producing smart behaviours—which would make their abilities irrelevant to understanding evolutionary processes." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11692-015-9358-z View in LinkedIn

REINFORCED LEARNING. "A learning system is a system that improves its performance at some task with experience. A simple kind of learning (often likened to natural selection) is reinforcement learning. This utilises a reward function to reinforce good behaviour or good outputs (or punish bad outputs) when they occur." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11692-015-9358-z View in LinkedIn