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MULTITASKING EXAMPLES. "Examples include biochemical incompatibility between metabolic processes (such as between oxygenic photosynthesis and oxygen-sensitive nitrogen fixation in cyanobacteria), motility and mitosis (processes that compete for the use of the same cellular machinery, the microtubule-organizing centre), and, in general, reproduction and survival in a challenging environment." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/12/05/rspb.2011.1999.short View in LinkedIn

"THE MITOCHONDRIA upon which these eukaryotic cells rely were once free-living prokaryotic cells but now live cooperative lives." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207014996 View in LinkedIn

MULTITASKING NEED. "Even simple, unicellular organisms need to perform physiological tasks that cannot be efficiently accomplished simultaneously by the same cell." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/12/05/rspb.2011.1999.short View in LinkedIn

COOPERATION IS CRITICAL. "The very existence of multicellular organisms relies upon cooperation between the eukaryotic cells that make them up." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207014996 View in LinkedIn

COOPERATION. "Such transitions are thought to be based on cooperation between the lower-level units, and recent models for the evolution of multicellularity are based on the concept of division of labour, typically between soma and germ cells." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/12/05/rspb.2011.1999.short View in LinkedIn

CHEATER FITNESS. "In a mixed population, the selfish cheater benefits from the cooperative behaviour of the cooperators, without paying the cost. Consequently, the selfish cheater has a higher fitness than the cooperators and spreads through the population, despite the fact that this leads to a decline in mean fitness." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207014996 View in LinkedIn

SELFISH CHEATERS. "In the absence of one of the mechanisms discussed in this review, natural selection favours selfish individuals who do not cooperate. Consider a population of cooperators (‘C’) in which an uncooperative, selfish cheater (‘S’) arises through mutation or migration." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207014996 View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE features the brilliant, eccentric, and inspired Dutch graphic artist, MC Escher (1998-1972). He was deeply interested in the nature of space, symmetry, illusion and frequently embodied these themes in images of natural forms and creatures. He had no mathematical training but his work was inspired by mathematics and nature. View in LinkedIn

TOUGH NUT. "A fundamental problem in biology is the evolutionary transition from single cells to multicellular life forms. During this transition the unit of selection shifts from individual cells to groups of cooperating cells." https://lnkd.in/dM8VCEC View in LinkedIn

GENOTYPE-PHENOTYPE. "Evolutionary changes in organismal traits may occur either gradually or suddenly. However, until recently, there has been little direct information about how phenotypic changes are related to the rate and the nature of the underlying genotypic changes." https://lnkd.in/dPsaKRf View in LinkedIn