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TO THE CONTRARY. "However, cooperation can be found at all levels of biological organisation: genes cooperate in genomes, organelles cooperate to form eukaryotic cells, cells cooperate to make multicellular organisms, bacterial parasites cooperate to overcome host defences, animals breed cooperatively, and humans and insects cooperate to build societies." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207014996 View in LinkedIn

NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES? "Natural selection favours genes that increase an organism's ability to survive and reproduce. This would appear to lead to a world dominated by selfish behaviour." https://lnkd.in/dR7H7Yw View in LinkedIn

DIVISION OF LABOR AND SPECIALIZATION. "The fitness advantage of such a division of labour is an important, if not crucial, factor in the emergence and evolution of multicellularity and cell specialization. In fact, the unicellular ancestors often already possess the prototypes of regulatory mechanisms that are needed to maintain cell specialization in multicellular forms." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/12/05/rspb.2011.1999.short View in LinkedIn

SEPARATION IN CYANOBACTERIA. "The key enzyme for nitrogen fixation, nitrogenase, is sensitive to oxygen, and is thus inhibited by oxygenic photosynthesis. In filamentous cyanobacteria, this conflict is resolved by a spatial segregation of the two processes. A small proportion of the cells differentiate into heterocysts that fix nitrogen and do not engage in photosynthesis, and these heterocysts exchange metabolites with the vegetative cells in the same filament." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/12/05/rspb.2011.1999.short View in LinkedIn

SEPARATION OF POOR COMPATIBILITIES. "A second well-studied example is the incompatibility between photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation, and the resolution of this incompatibility in filamentous cyanobacteria." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/12/05/rspb.2011.1999.short View in LinkedIn

@Ten fleming https://soundcloud.com/riold-furtuna/on-resilience-risk-taking-and-wealth-with-serial-entrepreneur-nigel-fleming View in LinkedIn

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METAMORPHOSIS. "Escher, however, was fascinated by every kind of tessellation—regular and irregular—and took special delight in what he called “metamorphoses,” in which the shapes changed and interacted with each other, and sometimes even broke free of the plane itself." There metamorphoses of geometry also obsessed Gaudí in the Sagrada Familia. https://lnkd.in/d_HZ4K8 View in LinkedIn

INTERACTING MECHANISMS. "Although we have emphasised how the mechanisms favouring cooperation can be divided up, these mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and there is considerable scope for interactions between them." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207014996 View in LinkedIn

TESSELLATIONS. "Regular divisions of the plane, called tessellations, are arrangements of closed shapes that completely cover the plane without overlapping and without leaving gaps. Typically, the shapes making up a tessellation are polygons or similar regular shapes, such as the square tiles often used on floors." (Reminiscent of the basic geometry of spider webs). https://lnkd.in/d_HZ4K8 View in LinkedIn