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GENOME RESTRUCTURING. "Restructuring involved the loss of dispensable or redundant genes and the massive translocation of genes from the ancestral organelles to the nucleus. Genomics and bioinformatic data suggest that the process of DNA transfer from organelles to the nucleus still continues, providing raw material for evolutionary tinkering in the nuclear genome." https://lnkd.in/d7Gtrg9 View in LinkedIn

SNOWFLAKES IN PHOTOGRAPHS. "For almost a century, W. A. Bentley caught and photographed thousands of snowflakes in his workshop at Jericho, Vermont, and made available to scientists and art instructors samples of his remarkable work. His painstakingly prepared images were remarkable revelations of nature's diversity in uniformity: no two snowflakes are exactly alike, but all are based on a common hexagon." https://lnkd.in/dCpMJMA View in LinkedIn

MODIFIED CLASSIFICATION. "One hundred twenty one forms of falling ice: the new snow classification system. Magono and Lee did not include at least one very common type as well as a few other interesting types. This major omission was snow-crystal aggregates, generally known as “snowflakes” by meteorologists." http://www.storyofsnow.com/blog1.php/one-hundred-twenty-one-forms-of-falling-ice-the-new-snow-classification-system View in LinkedIn

FIRST CLASSIFICATION. "In 1966, Japanese meteorologists Choji Magono and Chung Woo Lee established 80 unique classifications of ice crystals, including cups, needles, bullets and scrolls." https://lnkd.in/dg5wgRX View in LinkedIn

QUESTION OF SCALE. " ""One water molecule is not fluid" "One gold atom is not metallic" "One neuron is not conscious" "One amino acid is not alive."" "(Jochen Fromm). https://lnkd.in/dYUrQb3 View in LinkedIn

KEPLER'S CONJECTURE. "Yet in the end, Kepler is defeated by the snowflake's ornate form and plate-like shape. He realizes that although the packing of spheres creates regular patterns, they are not necessarily hexagonal or flat, let alone as ramified and ornamented as that of the snowflake. His failure to explain the regularity of the snowflake is no disgrace, for not until the 1980s was this seen to be a consequence of branching growth instabilities biased by the hexagonal crystal symmetry of ice." https://lnkd.in/dX5WYMA View in LinkedIn

SIX CORNERED SNOWFLAKE. "In naming his essay, Kepler consciously played with words and made a pun with the word nix: In Latin, the language in which he composed the essay, the word means "snowflake," but in Low German, Kepler's native tongue, it means "nothing." At its core, the essay functions as a meditation on the nature of substance: if a snowflake, crafted of water vapor, melts momentarily, is it anything at all?" http://www.keplersdiscovery.com/SixCornered.html View in LinkedIn

CONFOUNDING QUESTIONS. "Why are snowflakes symmetrical? How can ice crystallizing on one arm 'know' the shape of the other arms on the flake?" https://lnkd.in/d73nJBi View in LinkedIn

"SNOWFLAKES, like fractals, are generated by recursive subdivision. The structure of iodagyrite flakes observed at the micrometer scale is an eighth-order recursive hexagonal tiling of the atomic structure observed at the scale of the angstrom." Penrose's heaven. https://lnkd.in/difgSBr View in LinkedIn

UNITS OF SELECTION. "The origins of both eukaryotes and multicellularity bolster the conceptualization of the history of life as repeated transitions between levels or units of selection. In the former, bacterial cells formed the collective; in the latter, eukaryotic cells formed the collective." https://lnkd.in/dNEtvR8 View in LinkedIn