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NOT UNIQUE BUT RARE. "Among studied exclusively prokaryotic multilineage consortia, varying levels of integration have been documented, although endosymbiosis is extremely rare." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/33/10278.full View in LinkedIn

NOT UNIQUE ORIGIN. "Eukaryogenesis is not unique as an organismal merger of entities from taxonomically distinct lineages, although the tightness of integration between mitochondria and their host is probably the most derived currently known." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/33/10278.full View in LinkedIn

BIOLOGICAL UNIQUENESS. "Eukaryotic cells undoubtedly exhibit many of the hallmark features of biological individuality, including spatiotemporal boundedness, indivisibility, and the integration, cooperation, and interdependence of parts." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/33/10278.full View in LinkedIn

TRANSITIONS. "First, the parts of a new whole may retain some independence with respect to their ability to reproduce. Second, interdependence of parts is emphasized as a threshold that must be crossed for a new type of individual to have truly evolved. Both are what we see in the case of the eukaryotic cell." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/33/10278.full View in LinkedIn

KIN VERSUS FOREIGN. "It is uncontroversial that eukaryogenesis involved the fusion of two taxonomically distinct units to form a new type of cell. Eukaryogenesis can thus be distinguished from evolutionary transitions based on the integration of closely related units (as in the evolution of multicellularity)." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/33/10278.full View in LinkedIn

NO SINGLE EVENT. "Margulis, a champion of endosymbiotic theory, argued for the community perspective on the eukaryotic condition. Symbiotic mergers similar to eukaryogenesis, she insisted, are ubiquitous in the history of life. As a result, our understanding of evolutionary processes requires the radical revision, perhaps abandonment, of many traditional neo-Darwinian ideas." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/33/10278.full View in LinkedIn

MESSY HYBRID. "Is the eukaryotic cell best seen as a kind of community composed of two or three taxonomically divergent entities or as a genuine individual that can be part of an evolving population of similar things? Should the answer have an impact on biological theory?" http://www.pnas.org/content/112/33/10278.full View in LinkedIn

FUNCTION AT ALL SCALES. "A spider orb web is a complicated system based on interaction of different aspects: from the macroscopic geometry and the mechanical material’s properties to the microscopic chemical production process with internal protein structure of the silk." https://lnkd.in/dzdDcHk View in LinkedIn

CLOSE UP of spider building a web. https://lnkd.in/dVT6CFN View in LinkedIn

UNIQUE STRUCTURE. "The capability of a spider web structure to absorb energy by deforming itself without breaking is like no other structure in the world." https://lnkd.in/dzdDcHk View in LinkedIn