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OBLIGATE DEPENDENCY. "The development of both vertebrates and invertebrates (especially larval and postembryonic development) is predicated on relations with microbes." View in LinkedIn

SUMMATION MULTIPLIES. "At each level of complexity entirely new properties appear. Psychology is not applied biology, nor is biology applied chemistry. We can now see that the whole becomes not merely more, but very different from the sum of its parts." https://lnkd.in/daguaP7 View in LinkedIn

PERSISTENT SYMBIONTS. "Neither humans, nor any other organism, can be regarded as individuals by anatomical criteria. To capture this complexity, the term “holobiont” has been introduced as the anatomical term that describes the integrated organism comprised of both host elements and persistent populations of symbionts." View in LinkedIn

"UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES and side effects are closely related to emergent properties." https://lnkd.in/dN5A7Kw https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#CITEREFAnderson1972 View in LinkedIn

POSTER CHILD MOSAIC. "Mastotermes darwiniensis, a termite of northern Australia, may claim the title of “poster organism” for the chimeric individual. How can a worker termite be considered an individual when it is the hive that is the reproductive unit of the species, and the worker cannot even digest cellulose without its gut symbiont, Mixotricha paradoxa, which is itself a genetic composite of at least five other species?" View in LinkedIn

THE KEY ISSUE. "Predicting the behavior of complex decentralized pervasive computing systems before their deployment in a dynamic environment, as well as being able to influence and control their behavior in a decentralized way, will be of fundamental importance in the near future." https://lnkd.in/dMwveSp View in LinkedIn

MICROBIOME SYMBIONTS. "Metagenomic sequencing has shown that each human gut has entered into a persistent partnership with over 150 species of bacteria, and that the human species maintains about 1000 major bacteria groups in our gut microbiome. The gene set contained by this symbiotic metagenome is about 150 times larger than that of the human eukaryotic genome. And this does not include the symbionts of human airways, skin, mouth, or reproductive orifices." View in LinkedIn

GREATER THAN THE SUM OF THE PARTS. "Emergence is the fact that a structure, not explicitly represented at a lower level, appears at a higher level. In the case of dynamic self-organising systems, with decentralised control and local interactions, intimately linked with self-organisation is the notion of emergent properties." https://lnkd.in/dfAjwzM View in LinkedIn

HUMAN LIMITS. "Emergent systems are those in which even perfect knowledge and understanding may give us no predictive information." https://lnkd.in/dPMad4M View in LinkedIn

"LARGE SCALE PATTERNS in the world are usually the result of the interactions of large numbers of smaller pieces that somehow combine in surprising ways to create the large-scale pattern. Such large-scale (macro-) patterns that arise out of the interactions of numerous interacting (micro-) "agents" are called "emergent phenomena" — that is, phenomena that emerge from interactions at a lower level or scale." https://lnkd.in/dPNW2Hi https://ccl.northwestern.edu/papers/MEE/ View in LinkedIn