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EFFICIENCY FALSEHOOD. "There is no reason to believe that unicellular protists with large genomes regulate the expression of their genes more efficiently or with greater flexibility than do prokaryotes with much less DNA." https://lnkd.in/d6GwkCt http://www.pnas.org/content/112/33/10278.full View in LinkedIn

VESTIGIAL CONSEQUENCE. "Eukaryotic transcription is inherently noisy." When a completely foreign metabolic pathway is bolted-on, no surprise. https://lnkd.in/eT5V5Xc View in LinkedIn

CO-EVOLUTION. "DNA, RNA and proteins are major biological macromolecules that coevolve and adapt to environments as components of one highly interconnected system." https://lnkd.in/d7UdfWB View in LinkedIn

MECHANISM OF NEW GENE GENERATION in humans. Exon shuffling: 19%; gene duplication; retroposition: 1%; recruitment of a mobile element: 4%; horizontal gene transfer; gene fusion; de novo transformation of a non-coding region into a coding region. https://lnkd.in/dyvJr2S View in LinkedIn

"HIGHLY DESIGNABLE FOLDS provide structural scaffolds for many different biochemical reactions. We show that contemporary proteins are built from a limited number of EFs, making their analysis instrumental for establishing the rules for protein design." (EFs = elementary functions). https://lnkd.in/dwbv2VX View in LinkedIn

"NEW GENES provide important genetic novelties responsible for biological diversity in organisms, and are often the genetic basis for lineage- or species-specific components in important biological processes and structures." https://lnkd.in/dsVek5A View in LinkedIn

FOLDS AND DISTANT FAMILIES. "By analyzing protein sequences we were able to identify EFs shared by seemingly unrelated protein superfamilies and folds and to unravel evolutionary relations between them. Binding and metabolic processing of the metal- and nucleotide-containing cofactors and ligands are among the most abundant ancient EFs that became indispensable in many natural enzymes." (EFs = elementary functions). https://lnkd.in/dwbv2VX View in LinkedIn

EMERGENCE OF NEW GENES. "The emerging picture across different species is that de novo genes emerge at high rates." https://lnkd.in/d4n2asc View in LinkedIn

MANY FROM THE FEW. "The diversity of contemporary enzymes can be described via combinations of a limited number of elementary chemical reactions, many of which are performed by the descendants of primitive prebiotic peptides/proteins." A very familiar theme. https://lnkd.in/dwbv2VX View in LinkedIn

VIRAL CONTRIBUTION. "Parasitic genetic elements can provide benefits to the host by protecting the host from superinfection, but also through exaptation of genetic material of the selfish elements for host functions." https://lnkd.in/dwWBEqU View in LinkedIn