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EVERYWHERE. "Viruses are ubiquitous companions of cellular life forms: it appears that every cellular organism studied has its own viruses or, at least, virus-like selfish genetic elements. Recent environmental studies have shown that viruses, primarily, bacteriophages, are "most abundant biological entities on the planet", with the total number of virus particles exceeding the number of cells by at least an order of magnitude." https://lnkd.in/dHhQ6QH View in LinkedIn

VIRAL DEFENDERS. "The colonized host must retain persisting viruses (or defectives) in order to survive in the omnipresent virosphere and also to be able to kill competing but uncolonized host. It is important to note that this is a main underlying mechanism of host cell group identity. This concept would seem to suggest a deep importance as to why prokaryotes, for example, must retain cryptic virus information." https://lnkd.in/eWydwab View in LinkedIn

NEW PARADIGM. "The persistence of virus derived information matters in a big way that affects group identity. This perspective represents a major adjustment to our thinking." https://lnkd.in/eWydwab View in LinkedIn

EPIGENETIC SILENCING. "This marking allows the epigenetic inheritance of the differentiation in the variety of tissues of several organs throughout all known species during the timely regulated steps in developmental stages. Therefore, epigenetics is a rather intriguing example of how evolution, conservation, and plasticity of genetic identities are interlinked without the error-replication narrative, but related to genetic parasite colonization." https://lnkd.in/eWydwab View in LinkedIn

ERROR DRIVEN EVOLUTION NARRATIVE. "High fidelity DNA synthesis is beneficial for maintaining genetic information over many generations and for avoiding mutations that can initiate and promote human diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Low fidelity DNA synthesis is beneficial for the evolution of species, for generating diversity leading to increased survival of viruses and microbes when subjected to changing environments, and for the development of a normal immune system." https://lnkd.in/dAV3ptS View in LinkedIn

SILENCING TRANSPOSONS. "We can consider how epigenetics might contribute to a cumulative evolution. Since it marks regions of DNA for non-expression, compared to unmarked regions, the expression patterns in subsequent generations can be affected thus show adaptation without genetic change. Interestingly, the origin of most all of these marking epigenetic systems appears to relate directly to the silencing and persistence of virus-like parasitic code." https://lnkd.in/eWydwab View in LinkedIn

RNA VIRUS-DRIVEN EVOLUTION. "In eukaryotes, RNA agents (retroviruses and retroposons) are much more diverse, numerous and dynamic and are providing multiple levels of regulatory complexity. We have recently come to realize that transcription of such retroposon sequence (previously considered junk) is abundant and often produces non-coding RNAs, all being part of stem-loop regions." https://lnkd.in/eWydwab View in LinkedIn

DNA VIRUS-DRIVEN EVOLUTION. "Prokaryotic genetic changes are mostly driven by dsDNA parasites (virus and plasmids)." https://lnkd.in/eWydwab View in LinkedIn

NOT LINEAR. "These identity networks cannot be teased apart to define a single and linear logic as is currently accepted for individual fittest type selection." https://lnkd.in/eWydwab View in LinkedIn

LAWLESS RABBIT HOLE. "We refer to the commitment to obligate, inherited symbiosis as the evolutionary “rabbit hole” of obligate symbiosis, implying a generally irreversible journey into a very odd world where the usual rules do not apply. Broadly, the symbiosis rabbit hole refers to the confluence of selection and neutral evolution in generating the extreme patterns of genomic evolution observed in symbiotic partners." https://lnkd.in/dcBwzRs View in LinkedIn