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NETWORK BUFFERING. "The same benefits of modularity that were evoked to hypothesize why cis-regulatory changes would be less pleiotropic than functional changes apply as well to the modularity of GRNs as effectors of gene regulation and expression, with the GRN acting as a buffer against any widespread negative effects of a coding mutation in a developmental gene." (GRN = gene regulatory networks). https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

SPARED BY REDUNDANCY. "Because of modularity in plant development and redundancy in GRNs underlying developmental processes, however, a change in a protein sequence may not have the massive negative pleotropic effects that were once considered to eliminate such changes from playing a role in developmental evolution." (GRN = gene regulatory networks). https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

REGULATORY MUTATIONS. "Unlike with functional mutations, regulatory mutations would not impact the physical interactions and function of the encoded protein, enabling essential metabolic or cellular functions to proceed." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

MORPHOLOGICAL GENE MUTATIONS. "Mutations in regulatory regions were thus thought to be the main force for morphological evolution, as changes in gene regulation impacting timing and/or position of gene expression were likely to be better tolerated as a result of their more subtle effects in a restricted set of tissues during development." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

CONTROL OF MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS. "Unlike biochemical or physiological traits, morphological traits are typically specified by genes that act upstream in major developmental pathways. As such, mutations in coding regions (‘functional’ mutations) were considered to incur sufficiently deleterious pleiotropy to be untenable for effecting morphological evolution." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

FIRST STEP. "Novel phenotypes arise as a result of a particular mutation or combination of mutations becoming fixed in a population, but, in order for this to occur, the genetic change must first be tolerated by the developing organism and be inherited by its offspring." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

LOGICAL STRATEGY. "Within a population, morphological change can occur via divergence in regulatory genes, leading to variation in gene expression, and thus the extrapolation to morphological evolution proceeding via diversification in regulatory loci provides a logical foundation for investigating the genetics underlying developmental evolution." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

"VIROPHAGES are small viruses that eat other larger viruses, and are a type of Satellite Virus that needs the presence of another virus to flourish. Virophages include the Spitnik virophage, and the Marvirus virophage (aka Maverick), both found in water-cooling towers in Paris and the UK." Definately strange creatures. https://lnkd.in/djXb4Ng View in LinkedIn

FASTER EVOLUTION. "Accelerated rates of regulatory gene evolution have been shown to accompany rapid morphological diversification in adaptive radiations, demonstrating a link between morphological and genetic diversification in regulatory regions of developmental genes." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

THE NEW ANTIBIOTIC? "Phages killing bacteria had been used for almost 100 years as antibacterial therapy before the discovery of antibiotics. Phage cocktails were utilized in the Soviet Union in the Russian-Finnish war to avoid amputations on injured soldiers. Phage therapy is currently not fashionable in Western medicine, although it may gain attention again if resistance of bacteria to antibiotics continues to grow and increase the danger for human health." https://lnkd.in/eGaw2Kq View in LinkedIn