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"NEW GENES from non-coding sequence: Rather than an extremely rare occurrence, it is now evident that there is a relatively constant trickle of proto-genes released into the testing ground of natural selection." https://lnkd.in/dPqZs3m View in LinkedIn

"MUTATIONS create variation in the population, fuel evolution and cause genetic diseases." https://lnkd.in/dmDEwQ8 View in LinkedIn

ALL NEW THINGS come from some kind of antecedent innovations; be they cultural, technological, or biological. Very few new things, if anything, arise from nowhere. Historical and evolutionary context is the fertile ground from which apparent novelty arises. A feather was developed for sexual attraction, and became later modified by trial-and-error for one of the great saltations -- flight. There is much tinkering in the box of castoffs and failed experiments. View in LinkedIn

MECHANISM OF NEW GENE GENERATION in humans. Exon shuffling: 19%; gene duplication; retroposition: 1%; recruitment of a mobile element: 4%; horizontal gene transfer; gene fusion; de novo transformation of a non-coding region into a coding region. https://lnkd.in/dyvJr2S View in LinkedIn

RETROFITTING IS HARDER. "Although it is possible for novel functions to arise within an existing gene, it is likely that there will be some degree of antagonism or adaptive conflict between the new and the old functions. By contrast, new loci are free of such constraints and constitute genetic novelty that may form the basis for lineage-specific adaptations and diversification." https://lnkd.in/dPqZs3m View in LinkedIn

"NEW GENES provide important genetic novelties responsible for biological diversity in organisms, and are often the genetic basis for lineage- or species-specific components in important biological processes and structures." https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-015-0772-4 View in LinkedIn

NEW THINKING. "There is emerging recognition that many biological processes involve important non-conserved elements, and that de novo gene birth provides an important mechanism for functional evolution." https://lnkd.in/dFMjBuF View in LinkedIn

DIFFERENTIAL EMERGENCE. "The emerging picture across different species is that de novo genes emerge at high rates." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952515000347 View in LinkedIn

"CONSERVATION of gene and protein sequence, and, therefore, conservation of the resulting molecular interactions that mediate biological processes, is foundational to our understanding of biology. This conservation allows discovery in one organism, such as worms or mice, to inform our understanding of the biology in another organism, such as humans." https://lnkd.in/dFMjBuF View in LinkedIn

JACOB OVERTHROWN. "Gene duplication, fusion and fission of genes, exon shuffling and other ‘bricolage’ events were considered to be the only viable sources of novel protein-coding genes—all variations on a genetic theme. Proteins were thought to be made from a small and finite ‘universe of exons’. Francois Jacob articulated this best when he said ‘To create is to recombine’. However, in recent years, there has been a growing appreciation for the role of de novo gene origination." https://lnkd.in/dPqZs3m View in LinkedIn