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GENOTYPE-PHENOTYPE (GP). "Often, the problem of linking genotypes and phenotypes is framed in terms of genotype and phenotype maps, and such graphical representations implicitly bring us away from the differential view of GP relationships." https://lnkd.in/d3vzXnd View in LinkedIn

PROMISCUOUS REGULATORS. "The innate promiscuity and modularity of regulatory networks contributes to their evolvability: duplicated promiscuous regulators and their target promoters can acquire mutations that lead to gradual increases in specificity, allowing neofunctionalization or subfunctionalization." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958166915000208 View in LinkedIn

THE NEW PARADIGM. "As of today, predominant thinking in biology research is that multiple genes interact with multiple environmental variables (such as abiotic factors, culture, or symbionts) to produce the phenotype." https://lnkd.in/d3vzXnd View in LinkedIn

TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. "Throughout evolution, regulatory networks need to expand and adapt to accommodate novel genes and gene functions. Recent studies demonstrate that changes in transcription factors contribute to the evolution of regulatory networks. In particular, duplication of transcription factors followed by specific mutations in their DNA-binding or interaction domains propels the divergence and emergence of new networks." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958166915000208 View in LinkedIn

BUFFERING. "When buffering breaks down, thresholds governing the expression of previously silent variation are crossed. At these thresholds, phenotypic differences suddenly appear and are available for selection. Thus, buffering mechanisms modulate evolution and regulate a balance between evolutionary stasis and change." https://lnkd.in/duMqB2A View in LinkedIn

DIVERGENT EXPRESSION. "Even in closely related species with highly similar genome sequences, gene expression patterns can be quite different. This divergence in gene expression and regulation has been postulated to play a major role in evolution and is believed to be one of the primary sources of phenotypic variation between species." https://lnkd.in/dZmd2Vb View in LinkedIn

RELATIVE STABILITY. "Recently Evolved Promoters, Though Less Common Than Enhancers, Are Mostly Found in Young DNA. Promoters are far more evolutionarily stable than are enhancers. Nevertheless, the absolute number of promoters deeply conserved across all 20 study species is similar to the number of recently evolved promoters in any one species." https://lnkd.in/dnC2aVU View in LinkedIn

ENHANCER YOUTH. "Perhaps our most surprising finding is that representative mammals typically deploy over 10,000 enhancers in a lineage- and probably most often species-specific manner. In total, almost half of all enhancers in each species appear to be recently evolved." https://lnkd.in/dnC2aVU View in LinkedIn

ENHANCER IMPACT. "Both conserved and recently evolved enhancer sequences have been shown to have important phenotypic consequences. Highly conserved enhancer sequences can regulate fundamental processes, such as embryonic development." https://lnkd.in/dnC2aVU View in LinkedIn

DIFFERENTIAL EVOLUTION RATES. "Rapid enhancer and slow promoter evolution across genomes of 20 mammalian species. Enhancers are rarely conserved across these mammals. Recently evolved enhancers dominate mammalian regulatory landscapes." https://lnkd.in/dnC2aVU View in LinkedIn