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ENHANCER REGIONS. "Most mammalian genes are controlled by collections of enhancer regions, often located tens to hundreds of kilobases away from transcription start sites." https://lnkd.in/dnC2aVU View in LinkedIn

INDIRECT GENE SELECTION. "In the process of evolution, selection may act directly on regulatory functions but only indirectly on gene sequences, which is supported by the experimental observations that some orthologous genes with highly conserved expression patterns have substantial divergence in their promoter sequence. That means that functional conservation does not necessitate conservation on the sequence level." https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2007-8-10-r225 View in LinkedIn

HIGH TURNOVER. "Estimates of transcription factor binding site (TFBS) turnover rates rank as high as 32-40% between human and rodent species." https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2007-8-10-r225 View in LinkedIn

PROMOTORS AND SPECIATION. "Divergence in Promoter Function May Contribute to Reproductive Isolation. Changes in transcriptional regulation may also be important in speciation." https://lnkd.in/dTi6Znf View in LinkedIn

REGULATORY MUTATIONS. "Recent studies indicate that mutations in regulatory proteins may be more common than previously appreciated. Moreover, these changes can play a prominent role in regulatory network evolution by altering expression, molecular interactions and post-translational modifications of the regulator." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958166915000208 View in LinkedIn

SECTION AT PROMOTOR LEVEL. "Natural Selection Operates on Allelic Variation in Promoters. Promoter polymorphisms at numerous loci in humans have functional consequences that influence diverse aspects of physiology, behavior, anatomy, and life history." https://lnkd.in/dTi6Znf View in LinkedIn

LEAPS IN EVOLUTION. "Usually, mutations are deleterious, but the duplicated genes are not generally expressed and so do no harm with no selective pressure acting against them. Occasionally, however, a mutation can result in a potentially useful modification of the gene, which can then be activated and selected. This, it is argued, could create relatively rapidly new functions for genes and thus explain major leaps in evolution." https://lnkd.in/eNHFjJ8 View in LinkedIn

TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION. "Mutations in Transcriptional Regulation Influence Phenotype. Transcriptional regulation is an integral component of the way genotype is converted into phenotype." https://lnkd.in/dTi6Znf View in LinkedIn

FREQUENT DUPLICATION. "Major gene duplication events certainly occur frequently in plants and micro-organisms." https://lnkd.in/eNHFjJ8 View in LinkedIn

TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS (TF). "It is well known that several transcription factors have DNA binding domains belonging to large paralogous families, although the transcription factors can differ extensively in sequence. Hence, evolution through TFs appears to be a successful strategy for regulation of gene expression." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958166915000208 View in LinkedIn