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DIFFERENTIAL EVOLUTION RATES. "Rapid enhancer and slow promoter evolution across genomes of 20 mammalian species. Enhancers are rarely conserved across these mammals. Recently evolved enhancers dominate mammalian regulatory landscapes." https://lnkd.in/dnC2aVU View in LinkedIn

ENHANCER REGIONS. "Most mammalian genes are controlled by collections of enhancer regions, often located tens to hundreds of kilobases away from transcription start sites." https://lnkd.in/dnC2aVU View in LinkedIn

INDIRECT GENE SELECTION. "In the process of evolution, selection may act directly on regulatory functions but only indirectly on gene sequences, which is supported by the experimental observations that some orthologous genes with highly conserved expression patterns have substantial divergence in their promoter sequence. That means that functional conservation does not necessitate conservation on the sequence level." https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2007-8-10-r225 View in LinkedIn

HIGH TURNOVER. "Estimates of transcription factor binding site (TFBS) turnover rates rank as high as 32-40% between human and rodent species." https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2007-8-10-r225 View in LinkedIn

PROMOTORS AND SPECIATION. "Divergence in Promoter Function May Contribute to Reproductive Isolation. Changes in transcriptional regulation may also be important in speciation." https://lnkd.in/dTi6Znf View in LinkedIn

REGULATORY MUTATIONS. "Recent studies indicate that mutations in regulatory proteins may be more common than previously appreciated. Moreover, these changes can play a prominent role in regulatory network evolution by altering expression, molecular interactions and post-translational modifications of the regulator." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958166915000208 View in LinkedIn

THE RED HERRING. "For long some geneticists may have thought that they were dissecting the morphogenetic mechanisms underlying the formation of phenotypic traits, while their experimental approach were in fact uncovering genes whose absence or alteration (mutations, deletions, duplications, rearrangements, etc.) leads to phenotypic differences." https://lnkd.in/d3vzXnd View in LinkedIn

SLEIGHT OF HAND. "Alfred Sturtevant formulated the question of the GP map in simple terms: “one of the central problems of biology is that of differentiation – how does an egg develop into a complex many-celled organism? That is, of course, the traditional major problem of embryology; but it also appears in genetics in the form of the question, How do genes produce their effects?” (GP = genotype-phenotype relationship). https://lnkd.in/d3vzXnd View in LinkedIn

MULTIFACTORIAL CONSEQUENCES. "A difference in hair color between two individuals could be due in some cases to their genetic difference. We note, however, that not all phenotypic changes can be attributed to genetic changes. A difference in hair color could also be caused by non-genetic factors such as age, intensity of solar radiation or hair dyeing, or by a combination of both genetic and non-genetic differences." https://lnkd.in/d3vzXnd View in LinkedIn

ONLY A TOOL. "Nevertheless, genetic reductionism can be perfectly appropriate for identifying genetic loci where a change causes a phenotypic difference." https://lnkd.in/d3vzXnd View in LinkedIn