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LEAPS IN EVOLUTION. "Usually, mutations are deleterious, but the duplicated genes are not generally expressed and so do no harm with no selective pressure acting against them. Occasionally, however, a mutation can result in a potentially useful modification of the gene, which can then be activated and selected. This, it is argued, could create relatively rapidly new functions for genes and thus explain major leaps in evolution." https://lnkd.in/eNHFjJ8 View in LinkedIn

TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION. "Mutations in Transcriptional Regulation Influence Phenotype. Transcriptional regulation is an integral component of the way genotype is converted into phenotype." https://lnkd.in/dTi6Znf View in LinkedIn

FREQUENT DUPLICATION. "Major gene duplication events certainly occur frequently in plants and micro-organisms." https://lnkd.in/eNHFjJ8 View in LinkedIn

TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS (TF). "It is well known that several transcription factors have DNA binding domains belonging to large paralogous families, although the transcription factors can differ extensively in sequence. Hence, evolution through TFs appears to be a successful strategy for regulation of gene expression." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958166915000208 View in LinkedIn

TWO GENE COPIES. "Historically, genome duplication was thought to be a mechanism of evolutionary change because it creates redundant copies of protein-encoding genes with impunity; these copies can have mutations, but the cell will continue to function as it retains an original version of the gene that was duplicated." https://lnkd.in/eNHFjJ8 View in LinkedIn

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AN INTEGRATED WHOLE. "Thus, the genetic reductionist approach, which only explores a few genetic parameters among the variety of causal factors, is vain to fully address the broad question of what makes hair brown, of what brings forth a particular biological structure, or process in its entirety." https://lnkd.in/d3vzXnd View in LinkedIn

A SYMPHONY NOT A SOLIST. "For example, brown hair pigmentation in one human being is not just a product of the genes coding for pigment synthesizing enzymes but also of the presence of cells producing pigments of relevant substrate molecules (such as tyrosine for melanin), and of the amount of received sun light." https://lnkd.in/d3vzXnd View in LinkedIn

THE TRUISM. "Genes need a cellular environment, the combined action of multiple other genes, as well as certain physico-chemical conditions to have an observable effect on organisms." https://lnkd.in/d3vzXnd View in LinkedIn

THE FALSISM. "In fact, a gene alone can neither cause an observable phenotypic trait, nor can it be necessary and sufficient to the emergence of observable characteristics." https://lnkd.in/d3vzXnd View in LinkedIn