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TRANSMISSION OF SYMBIONT. "Most aphids possess intracellular bacteria of the genus Buchnera. The bacteria are transmitted vertically via the aphid ovary, and the association is obligate for both partners: Bacteria-free aphids grow poorly and produce few or no offspring, and Buchnera are both unknown apart from aphids and apparently unculturable. The symbiosis has a nutritional basis." https://lnkd.in/dDJrSDJ View in LinkedIn

APHID MICROBIOTA. "The microbiota of most aphids is dominated by the γ-proteobacterium Buchnera aphidicola, which provides the aphid with essential amino acids and is required by the insect: aphids experimentally deprived of B. aphidicola by antibiotic treatment (‘aposymbiotic’ aphids) grow very slowly and are reproductively sterile." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/275/1634/565.short View in LinkedIn

POOR DIET. "Plant phloem sap is one diet with a grossly unbalanced amino acid composition. Symbiotic bacteria enable insect to use a nutritionally inadequate diet. The capacity of aphids to use plant phloem sap, with low essential amino acid content, has been attributed to their symbiotic bacteria, Buchnera aphidicola, which can synthesize these nutrients." https://lnkd.in/d5SK36b View in LinkedIn

SUPPLEMENTAL DIET. "Many herbivorous insects are chronically infected by symbiotic micro-organisms, some of which supplement the nutritionally poor plant diet with vitamins and essential amino acids. These symbiotic micro-organisms are generally beneficial for the insect host." https://lnkd.in/dNuJ26a View in LinkedIn

SURPRISE. “Strikingly, the total number of genes for ncRNAs that are expressed from a mammalian genome seems to exceed the number of protein-coding genes several fold.” (ncRNA = non-coding RNA). https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn

INSECTS. "It is roughly estimated that more than 70% of species host one or more bacterial symbionts." https://lnkd.in/dapi6EP View in LinkedIn

INTRON CONCENTRATION. “We found that introns of lincRNA genes contain the highest fraction of TES, followed by exons. The promoters of the lincRNAs contain the lowest fraction of TES but the largest fraction of ancient TES that are conserved between primates and rodents.” (TES = Transposable element-derived sequences; lincRNA = long intergenic non-coding RNA). https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn

VIRAL CONTRIBUTION. “The TES are likely to have substantially contributed to evolutionary change in both gene specific and global patterns of mammalian protein-coding gene regulation.” (TES = Transposable element-derived sequences). https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn

VIRAL-DERIVED REGULATORS. “Thus, thousands of human (and other mammalian) genes appear to be regulated, at least in part, by sequences derived from TEs.” (TE = transposable elements). https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn

VIRAL RELICS IN MAN. “Different classes of regulatory regions in the human genome have been surveyed for the presence of TE-derived sequences (TES) to systematically assess the potential contribution of TEs to the regulation of human genes, and almost 25% of the analyzed promoter regions have been found to contain TES.” (TE = transposable elements). https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn