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PIVOTAL. “The discovery of the pivotal contribution of TEs to the evolution of the Xist gene prompts the question on a possible general role of TEs in the evolution of lincRNAs.” (lincRNA = long intergenic non-coding RNA; TE = transposable elements; Xist = (X-inactive specific transcript) is an RNA gene on the X chromosome of the placental mammals). https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn

WAYS TO GO. “Taken together, these findings imply that an unknown but substantial fraction of lincRNAs are functional molecules rather than transcriptional noise and have evolutionary properties similar to those of protein-coding genes. However, the number of functionally characterized lincRNAs remains scarce.” (lincRNA = long intergenic non-coding RNA). https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn

EVOLUTION RATE. “In particular, protein-coding genes that are highly expressed in many tissues typically evolve slower than genes with lower expression level and breadth, and a similar dependence has been observed for lincRNA genes.” (lincRNA = long intergenic non-coding RNA). https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn

CODING ORIGINS. “Taking into account that some lincRNA genes originated from protein-coding genes it appears likely that many properties of lincRNAs would generally resemble those of protein-coding genes, despite the typically lower level of constraint.” (lincRNA = long intergenic non-coding RNA). https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn

VIRAL ENRICHMENT. “Here, we add another facet to these observations by showing that the promoter regions of lincRNAs are specifically enriched for ancient TES. This finding indicates that not only have many lincRNA genes evolved before the radiation of primates and rodents but also that at least some features of their regulation were already established at that time through TE insertion.” (TES = TE-derived sequences; lincRNA = long intergenic non-coding RNA; TE = transposable element). https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn

CHANGING VIEW. “Many early studies, therefore, branded the lincRNAs “transcriptional dark matter” and considered them to be generally non-functional. However, low level or lack of detectable conservation does not necessarily imply that these molecules have no function.” (lincRNA = long intergenic non-coding RNA). https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn

MORPHING GENOMES. “Viral quasispecies are currently defined as collections of closely related viral genomes subjected to a continuous process of genetic variation, competition among the variants generated, and selection of the most fit distributions in a given environment.” http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001580 View in LinkedIn

VIRAL QUASISPECIES. “The quasispecies concept originated in a theoretical formulation of molecular evolution that emphasized error-prone replication of simple RNA or RNA-like replicons as an essential feature of self-organization and adaptability of primitive life forms.” https://lnkd.in/dC3CR5F View in LinkedIn

MUTANT VIRAL CLOUDS. "They form extremely complex mutant clouds termed viral quasispecies, which can acquire features not explainable from the individuals that compose the ensemble." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470015902.a0000436.pub3/abstract?userIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage= View in LinkedIn

ERROR RATE DRIVES DIVERSITY. "Evolution of RNA viruses and some DNA viruses can be extremely rapid, fuelled by limited template-copying fidelity of the replicating polymerases." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470015902.a0000436.pub3/abstract?userIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage= View in LinkedIn