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SECOND GENOMIC EVOLUTION DRIVERS "are miRNAs, which regulate the activity of messenger RNAs (mRNA) after transcription." https://lnkd.in/eNHFjJ8 View in LinkedIn

LIFE CYCLE OF INFECTION. "We recently tested this idea using the bacteriophage λ in experimental epidemics spreading through well-mixed environments. We confirmed that more virulent strains are indeed selected for during early epidemics, when uninfected hosts are abundant, but also that natural selection favours latent strains of the virus as disease prevalence increases." https://lnkd.in/dvcWSUt View in LinkedIn

FIRST GENOMIC EVOLUTION DRIVER. "Three crucial drivers of genomic evolution. The first drivers are protein-encoding genes themselves—which Berjerano described as the ‘big beasts' of evolution—around which the rest of the genome revolves." https://lnkd.in/eNHFjJ8 View in LinkedIn

NATURAL BRAKES. "Decreased availability of susceptible hosts weakens selection for higher transmission rates. Ultimately, this may select for intermediate evolutionarily stable strategies, balancing the benefit (transmission) and the cost (virulence: induced host mortality) of host exploitation." https://lnkd.in/dvcWSUt View in LinkedIn

MICRO-RNAs AND COMPLEXITY. "In the evolutionary context, it is noteworthy that expansions of miRNAs seem to be associated with body-plan innovations and other phenotypic changes in bilaterians and vertebrates. They may therefore have significantly contributed to phenotypic evolution in animals." https://lnkd.in/dDg9xVY View in LinkedIn

SOFTER GENTLER STRATEGY. "First, epidemic spread reduces the density of susceptible hosts and can feed back on the selective pressure that favours intermediate exploitation strategies." https://lnkd.in/dvcWSUt View in LinkedIn

RAPID MICROBE EVOLUTION. "In a decade bacteria can produce 200,000 generations — about the number of generations of humans there have been since our lineage split from that of chimpanzees. So it’s hardly surprising that in less than a human lifespan we’ve seen the evolution of new diseases such as HIV and numerous antibiotic-resistant bacteria." https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13640-evolution-myths-evolution-produces-perfectly-adapted-creatures/ View in LinkedIn

ANTIGENIC EVOLUTION. "Swine influenza A/H3N2 is known to evolve antigenically at a rate that is six times slower than that of the same virus circulating in humans, although these viruses' rates of genetic evolution are similar." https://lnkd.in/dDjCWve View in LinkedIn

HITCHHIKING. "Reassortment between segments occurs slowly enough, relative to the actions of positive selection, that genetic hitchhiking causes beneficial mutations in HA and NA to reduce diversity in linked neutral variation in other segments of the genome." https://lnkd.in/dDjCWve View in LinkedIn

BRANCH NONEPITOPE SELECTION. "Conversely, putative nonepitope sites of the HA protein evolve approximately twice as fast on side branches than on the trunk of the H3 phylogeny, indicating that mutations to these sites are selected against and viruses possessing such mutations are less likely to take over the influenza population." https://lnkd.in/dDjCWve View in LinkedIn