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LOOSE ENDS. "However, even the gene (locus) identity is not known for certain for the seventh character, the pod form, although it is probably V. While the nature of the mutations used by Mendel cannot be determined with certainty, on the basis of the varieties available in Europe in the 1850s, we can speculate on their nature." https://lnkd.in/d42Fwde View in LinkedIn

THE CUCKOO STRATEGY. "A newly mated queen of the formicine ant Lasius umbratus enters the nest of its host, Lasius niger, kills the resident queen, and deposits her own eggs in the invaded nest. The host workers rear the parasite's offspring as they would their own species." http://www.jstor.org/stable/29774232?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents View in LinkedIn

MENDEL'S PEA GENE SEQUENCES. "To date, four genes have been sequenced: A (flower color), LE (stem length), I (cotyledon color), and R (seed shape). Two of the other three genes, GP (pod color) and FA (fasciation), are amenable to candidate gene approaches on the basis of their function, linkage relationships, and synteny between the pea and Medicago genomes." https://lnkd.in/d42Fwde View in LinkedIn

INDEPENDENT EVOLUTION. "Slave making apparently has evolved independently more than ten times, with peculiar hot spots in the myrmicine tribe." https://lnkd.in/dkcthxh View in LinkedIn

GENE CLONING. "It is fascinating to trace the fate of Mendel’s genes over the past 145 years. In some cases, we can do this with considerable certainty, tracing it through to the molecular cloning of the gene concerned and the establishment of its function, but for other genes the history is somewhat murkier." https://lnkd.in/d42Fwde View in LinkedIn

SLAVE-MAKING ANTS. "Of the estimated 8,800 species of ant in the world, more than 200 species have evolved essentially unique forms of social parasitism with other ants." Two percent of ants are slave-owners. Along with the twelve US Presidents who owned slaves (12/50 Presidents = 26%). https://lnkd.in/dk9Cs-3 View in LinkedIn

CHEMICAL PROPAGANDA. "Having evolved independently several times across different ant families, ‘slave-making’ is a life history which makes use of the way in which ants communicate in order to coordinate raids as well as to subdue and coerce the target species with a type of ‘propaganda’." https://lnkd.in/dJrQzst View in LinkedIn

ANT WARFARE. "While ants in particular do share Homo sapiens‘ inclination towards mutual annihilation by a process startlingly similar to our own foreign invasions and wars, they may also choose to subject their invertebrate victims to a fate that some might consider ‘worse than death’. This system is also one which is not unknown within the human world: slavery." https://lnkd.in/dJrQzst View in LinkedIn

INVENTORY OF HOUSEWORK, comparing Polyergus master ants with their slaves, Formica ants. Only scouting and aggression are greater in the dominant ant species. https://lnkd.in/dBuAyKw View in LinkedIn

INDEPENDENT EVOLUTION. "Polyergus species are obligate social parasites, wholly dependent on the host (enslaved) species to carry out all of the tasks necessary for colony function (foraging, maintenance, brood rearing). This form of social parasitism is unusual among ants but has evolved several times independently in the ant subfamilies Myrmicinae and Formicinae." https://lnkd.in/dBuAyKw View in LinkedIn