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CAPSID MATURATION. "Considerable conformational rearrangements of coat protein N-arm, E-loop, and A-domain occur upon maturation. In P22 coat protein, the β-hinge has been shown to be the most dynamic region of the subunit during capsid maturation." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001920 View in LinkedIn

PROCAPSID EMERGENCE. "Coat protein monomers are added to the growing edge, eventually producing a closed, spherical, precursor structure (“procapsid”) in which the coat proteins are organized with T=7 laevo quasi-symmetry. During assembly scaffolding protein catalyzes, stabilizes, and directs geometry of the procapsid." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001920 View in LinkedIn

CAPSID ASSEMBLY. "Bacteriophage P22 provides a well-studied example for assembly of capsids formed from subunits with the HK97-fold. Assembly of bacteriophage P22 in vivo proceeds via a nucleation-limited reaction in which 415 copies of coat protein (gp5, the product of gene 5) co-polymerize with 60–300 scaffolding proteins (gp8), the dodecameric portal protein complex (gp1), and ejection proteins (gp7, gp16 and gp20)." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001920 View in LinkedIn

DRAMATIC CAPACITY. "The versatility of the HK97-fold is also evident when comparing the diameters of capsids with confirmed HK97-like coat proteins, which range from ~24 nm to ~185 nm. This fold evolved to accommodate these dramatic differences in capsid diameter and the varying degrees of capsid curvature accompanying the spectrum of diameters." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001920 View in LinkedIn

PENTON AND HEXON SUBUNITS. "In capsids, HK97-like coat protein subunits are organized into pentons and hexons. An exception would be for capsids with a triangulation (T) number of 1, which would be composed entirely of pentons." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001920 View in LinkedIn

OTHER COMMON STRUCTURES. "Viruses using the HK97-fold share unexpected similarities beyond the fold of their coat proteins including the architecture of their virions, an internal scaffolding (or Δ-domain) protein-mediated assembly, active dsDNA packaging, and capsid maturation events." (dsDNA = double stranded DNA). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001920 View in LinkedIn

VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION. "Clonality in plants is widespread and includes species that span temporally and spatially heterogeneous environments. Yet, theory predicts that clonally reproducing plants evolve at slower rates, risk accumulating more mutations than sexuals, and potentially lack the benefits of DNA repair mechanisms afforded by meiosis." https://lnkd.in/dS5_4wr View in LinkedIn

SOMATIC MUTATIONS. "Recent evidence suggests that somatic mutations can play a significant role in influencing fitness in clonal plants and may also help explain the occurrence of genetic diversity in sterile clonal populations. Highly polymorphic genetic markers offer outstanding opportunities for gaining novel insights into functional interactions between sexual and clonal reproduction in flowering plants." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

LOSS OF FUNCTION. "In populations in which clonal propagation predominates, mutations reducing fertility may lead to sexual dysfunction and even the loss of sex." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES. "Extensive clonal growth and vegetative dispersal can disrupt the functioning of these sexual polymorphisms, resulting in biased morph ratios and populations with a single mating group, with consequences for fertility and mating." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn