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CLONES AND EPIGENETICS. "We examine how epigenetics may confer ecological advantages to clonal plants that could outweigh these evolutionary costs." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11258-014-0430-z View in LinkedIn

MORE KINGDOMS USING TEMPLATES. "Viruses likely originated from ancient cells through encapsulating cellular plasmids or genome fragments by cellular protein. Indeed, cellular complexes resembling the structure and topology of HK97 gp5 have been found in both bacteria and archaea cells. Similarly, it is natural to expect that cellular proteins with the BPP-1 topology of the HK97-like fold also exist elsewhere." http://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/biophy.2015.2.200/fulltext.html View in LinkedIn

SUCCESS VS COSTS. "Does the apparent success of clonal plants contradict the severe costs of clonal reproduction suggested by theory?" http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11258-014-0430-z View in LinkedIn

OUTLIER. "Presently, HK97 is the only known virus to display covalent chainmail formed with isopeptide crosslinks and thus constitutes its own group. The use of a single protein in HK97 to form a stable structure represents a highly optimized strategy, perhaps resulting from evolutionary selection. As such, it may represent a more recent emergence of complexes with the HK97-like fold." https://lnkd.in/dQSWuND View in LinkedIn

VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION. "Clonality in plants is widespread and includes species that span temporally and spatially heterogeneous environments. Yet, theory predicts that clonally reproducing plants evolve at slower rates, risk accumulating more mutations than sexuals, and potentially lack the benefits of DNA repair mechanisms afforded by meiosis." https://lnkd.in/dS5_4wr View in LinkedIn

SOMATIC MUTATIONS. "Recent evidence suggests that somatic mutations can play a significant role in influencing fitness in clonal plants and may also help explain the occurrence of genetic diversity in sterile clonal populations. Highly polymorphic genetic markers offer outstanding opportunities for gaining novel insights into functional interactions between sexual and clonal reproduction in flowering plants." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

LOSS OF FUNCTION. "In populations in which clonal propagation predominates, mutations reducing fertility may lead to sexual dysfunction and even the loss of sex." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES. "Extensive clonal growth and vegetative dispersal can disrupt the functioning of these sexual polymorphisms, resulting in biased morph ratios and populations with a single mating group, with consequences for fertility and mating." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

CONFLICT. "There are ecological circumstances in which functional antagonism between sexual and asexual reproductive modes can negatively affect the fitness of clonal plants." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

OUTCROSSING. "Clonal growth leads to an expansion in the size of genets and increased fitness because large floral displays increase fertility and opportunities for outcrossing. Moreover, the clonal dispersal of vegetative propagules can assist “mate finding,” particularly in aquatic plants." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn