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MORE PLASTIC ADAPTATION. "Relying to various degrees on vegetative reproduction, the capacity to conserve or reverse gene regulation changes over cell divisions has clear potential for optimization of plasticity and acclimation in response to environmental variation encountered. Clonal plants may be one of the best examples of organisms taking advantage of epigenetic acclimation as an alternative to the slower mechanisms of adaptation through natural selection." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11258-014-0430-z View in LinkedIn

GENE EVOLUTION. "The gene encoding one of these topologies might have evolved from the other through non-circular permutation in ancient cells through horizontal gene transfer—a rule for evolution in the prokaryotic world. In fact, although rare, non-circular permutation has been observed in cells, as exemplified by bacterial DNA methyltransferases." https://lnkd.in/dQSWuND View in LinkedIn

CLONES AND EPIGENETICS. "We examine how epigenetics may confer ecological advantages to clonal plants that could outweigh these evolutionary costs." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11258-014-0430-z View in LinkedIn

MORE KINGDOMS USING TEMPLATES. "Viruses likely originated from ancient cells through encapsulating cellular plasmids or genome fragments by cellular protein. Indeed, cellular complexes resembling the structure and topology of HK97 gp5 have been found in both bacteria and archaea cells. Similarly, it is natural to expect that cellular proteins with the BPP-1 topology of the HK97-like fold also exist elsewhere." http://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/biophy.2015.2.200/fulltext.html View in LinkedIn

SUCCESS VS COSTS. "Does the apparent success of clonal plants contradict the severe costs of clonal reproduction suggested by theory?" http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11258-014-0430-z View in LinkedIn

OUTLIER. "Presently, HK97 is the only known virus to display covalent chainmail formed with isopeptide crosslinks and thus constitutes its own group. The use of a single protein in HK97 to form a stable structure represents a highly optimized strategy, perhaps resulting from evolutionary selection. As such, it may represent a more recent emergence of complexes with the HK97-like fold." https://lnkd.in/dQSWuND View in LinkedIn

HETEROSTYLY DEFINED. “Heterostyly is a unique form of polymorphism and herkogamy in flowers. In a heterostylous species, two or three morphological types of flowers, termed "morphs", exist in the population. On each individual plant, all flowers share the same morph. The flower morphs differ in the lengths of the pistil and stamens, and these traits are not continuous.” https://lnkd.in/dBgeGam View in LinkedIn

POLYMORPHISM #3. "Heterostyly and dioecy are the best-known sexual polymorphism of this type, with heterostylous populations usually composed of two (distyly) or three (tristyly) style morphs, and dioecious populations composed of female and male plants." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

POLYMORPHISM #2. "A second class of polymorphism involves species in which mating types are morphologically distinct and field observations can reveal their number and frequency in populations." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

POLYMORPHISM #1. "The most common is homomorphic self-incompatibility, in which the mating types are morphologically indistinguishable and numerous." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn