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SUCCESS VS COSTS. "Does the apparent success of clonal plants contradict the severe costs of clonal reproduction suggested by theory?" http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11258-014-0430-z View in LinkedIn

OUTLIER. "Presently, HK97 is the only known virus to display covalent chainmail formed with isopeptide crosslinks and thus constitutes its own group. The use of a single protein in HK97 to form a stable structure represents a highly optimized strategy, perhaps resulting from evolutionary selection. As such, it may represent a more recent emergence of complexes with the HK97-like fold." https://lnkd.in/dQSWuND View in LinkedIn

VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION. "Clonality in plants is widespread and includes species that span temporally and spatially heterogeneous environments. Yet, theory predicts that clonally reproducing plants evolve at slower rates, risk accumulating more mutations than sexuals, and potentially lack the benefits of DNA repair mechanisms afforded by meiosis." https://lnkd.in/dS5_4wr View in LinkedIn

SOMATIC MUTATIONS. "Recent evidence suggests that somatic mutations can play a significant role in influencing fitness in clonal plants and may also help explain the occurrence of genetic diversity in sterile clonal populations. Highly polymorphic genetic markers offer outstanding opportunities for gaining novel insights into functional interactions between sexual and clonal reproduction in flowering plants." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

LOSS OF FUNCTION. "In populations in which clonal propagation predominates, mutations reducing fertility may lead to sexual dysfunction and even the loss of sex." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES. "Extensive clonal growth and vegetative dispersal can disrupt the functioning of these sexual polymorphisms, resulting in biased morph ratios and populations with a single mating group, with consequences for fertility and mating." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

SEXUAL POLYMORPHISMS. "Many flowering plants possess sexual polymorphisms in which populations are composed of different mating types." https://lnkd.in/dWczCFf View in LinkedIn

CLONAL DISTANCE. "Tillers, corms, bulbs, rhizomes, and tubers are usually produced relatively close to the parent plant. In contrast, stolons, runners, and bulbils usually result in ramets located at further distances from the parent plant. This variation gives rise to different levels of clonal aggregation within populations and has led to the identification of two contrasting clonal strategies that differ in the degree of intermingling of clones." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

FLEXIBLE OPTIONS. "Plant clonality is manifested by a range of growth strategies involving variation in the spatial arrangement of ramets within a clone (clonal architecture) and diverse organs of propagation. The organs vary in the extent to which they are capable of establishing an autonomous existence and function in regeneration, multiplication, and dispersal." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

DISADVANTAGE #3. "In highly clonal populations in which sexual reproduction is very limited or absent, there is growing evidence that the accumulation of somatic mutations may result in reductions in fertility, potentially leading to the loss of sex." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn