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HETEROSTYLY DEFINED. “Heterostyly is a unique form of polymorphism and herkogamy in flowers. In a heterostylous species, two or three morphological types of flowers, termed "morphs", exist in the population. On each individual plant, all flowers share the same morph. The flower morphs differ in the lengths of the pistil and stamens, and these traits are not continuous.” https://lnkd.in/dBgeGam View in LinkedIn

POLYMORPHISM #3. "Heterostyly and dioecy are the best-known sexual polymorphism of this type, with heterostylous populations usually composed of two (distyly) or three (tristyly) style morphs, and dioecious populations composed of female and male plants." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

POLYMORPHISM #2. "A second class of polymorphism involves species in which mating types are morphologically distinct and field observations can reveal their number and frequency in populations." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

POLYMORPHISM #1. "The most common is homomorphic self-incompatibility, in which the mating types are morphologically indistinguishable and numerous." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

SEXUAL POLYMORPHISMS. "Many flowering plants possess sexual polymorphisms in which populations are composed of different mating types." https://lnkd.in/dWczCFf View in LinkedIn

CLONAL DISTANCE. "Tillers, corms, bulbs, rhizomes, and tubers are usually produced relatively close to the parent plant. In contrast, stolons, runners, and bulbils usually result in ramets located at further distances from the parent plant. This variation gives rise to different levels of clonal aggregation within populations and has led to the identification of two contrasting clonal strategies that differ in the degree of intermingling of clones." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

FLEXIBLE OPTIONS. "Plant clonality is manifested by a range of growth strategies involving variation in the spatial arrangement of ramets within a clone (clonal architecture) and diverse organs of propagation. The organs vary in the extent to which they are capable of establishing an autonomous existence and function in regeneration, multiplication, and dispersal." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

DISADVANTAGE #3. "In highly clonal populations in which sexual reproduction is very limited or absent, there is growing evidence that the accumulation of somatic mutations may result in reductions in fertility, potentially leading to the loss of sex." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

HYBRID SWARMS IN RHODODENDRON. "We used morphological data from a hybrid swarm involving two Rhododendron species to showcase possible character combinations in intermediates." https://lnkd.in/dK-A3iM View in LinkedIn

DISADVANTAGE #2. "Vegetative reproduction has the potential to interfere with pollination and mating, resulting in reductions in the quantity and quality of offspring. This situation can occur when clonal dispersal disrupts the functioning of sexual systems, leading to the absence of mating groups required for outcrossing, or where very large clones experience fitness costs (inbreeding depression and pollen discounting) associated with geitonogamous (between flower) self-pollination because of large floral displays." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn