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NEW POSSIBILITIES ALLOWED. "Genetic recombination in hybrids can produce transgressive phenotypes, “monstrous” phenotypes beyond the range of parental populations. Transgressive phenotypes can be products of epistatic interactions or additive effects of multiple recombined loci." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11692-012-9209-0 View in LinkedIn

CREDIBLE HYBRID SPECIATION. "Recent empirical and theoretical research on hybrid speciation might have revived the hopeful monster in a new, more credible form. Recombination of parental chromosomes in the F2 and later generations during hybridization can generate genotypes that express phenotypes outside the normal range of variation observed in either parental gene pool, a phenomenon termed “transgressive segregation”.” http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11692-012-9209-0 View in LinkedIn

THE GENETIC CONFIRMATION. "Modern evolutionary theory and empirical research in genetics have consistently reaffirmed the ability of conventional population genetics to explain the origin of new species and phenotypes, and simultaneously exposed flaws in the alternatives." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11692-012-9209-0 View in LinkedIn

NO SUSPENDED DISBELIEF. "A hopeful monster is an individual phenotypically discontinuous from the range of phenotypes of its population, and whose hopes of establishing a new lineage lie in finding a novel niche for which its monstrosity happens to be preadapted. Such a mechanism of speciation was criticized early for being so improbable as to “overtax one’s credulity” because of the rarity of the initial mutation of large effect, and the resulting improbability of finding an equally monstrous mate." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11692-012-9209-0 View in LinkedIn

EVOLUTION BY LUCK. "Goldschmidt proposed that a novel phenotype (such as insect wings, a character associated with higher level taxonomy) must first arise as an instantaneous product of a single “macromutation” or “systemic mutation”. Individuals bearing such macromutations were characterized as “hopeful monsters” by Goldschmidt to emphasize that their appearance is neither purposeful nor gradual, and their prospects for success are a matter of luck." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11692-012-9209-0 View in LinkedIn

MACROMUTATIONS. "Some theorists have invoked special phenomena such as genome-wide “macromutations” or “genetic revolutions” to get around perceived difficulties with the emergence of profound change as the accumulation of subtle changes by the conventional dynamics of mutation, gene flow, drift and selection." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11692-012-9209-0 View in LinkedIn

NOT SIMPLE. "Most bacteria rely on binary fission for propagation. Conceptually this is a simple process; a cell just needs to grow to twice its starting size and then split in two. But, to remain viable and competitive, a bacterium must divide at the right time, in the right place, and must provide each offspring with a complete copy of its essential genetic material." https://lnkd.in/eqsJf6Q View in LinkedIn

SUDDEN EVOLUTIONARY JUMPS. "Transgressive segregation might be an important mechanism promoting sudden phenotypic changes and ecological transitions in evolution. Even if most of the variation produced is deleterious, a rare transgressive hybrid genotype could rapidly fix in a population or establish a novel lineage." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11692-012-9209-0 View in LinkedIn

MICRASTERIAS binary division time lapse. https://lnkd.in/enGHqVS View in LinkedIn

TRANSGRESSIVE PHENOTYPES. "Interspecific hybridization and allopolyploidy provide the opportunity for new, transgressive characters to evolve. Transgressive characters can be observed at all levels from the transcriptome to inflorescence morphology and may arise through novel cis-trans interactions in the genome or by 'mixing and matching' of different metabolic pathways found in the parents." https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2013-14-6-207 View in LinkedIn