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HUMAN HAPLOIDS. "Generation of human haploid embryonic stem cells from parthenogenetic embryos obtained by microsurgical removal of male pronucleus." https://lnkd.in/gxKpzTq View in LinkedIn

HAPLOID HUMAN STEM CELLS. "Here we generated and analysed a collection of human parthenogenetic ES cell lines originating from haploid oocytes, leading to the successful isolation and maintenance of human ES cell lines with a normal haploid karyotype. Haploid human ES cells exhibited typical pluripotent stem cell characteristics, such as self-renewal capacity and a pluripotency-specific molecular signature." (ES = embryonic stem cells). https://lnkd.in/gQeEBUz View in LinkedIn

GAMETE MANIPULATION. "Diploidy is a fundamental genetic feature in mammals, in which haploid cells normally arise only as post-meiotic germ cells that serve to ensure a diploid genome upon fertilization. Gamete manipulation has yielded haploid embryonic stem (ES) cells from several mammalian species but haploid human ES cells have yet to be reported." https://lnkd.in/gQeEBUz View in LinkedIn

HYBRID HAPLOID TREES. "In this study, we investigated the induction of haploid plants in ‘Hirado Buntan’ pummlo (Citrus grandis) through in-situ gynogenesis by pollination with irradiated pollens of trifoliate orange (255, 325 and 500 Gy) and ‘Tongshui 72-1 Jincheng’ sweet orange (255, 395 and 500 Gy)." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304423816302710 View in LinkedIn

BIOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS. "Homozygous genotypes have great potential in breeding and genomic researches in higher plants. Induction of parthenogenesis via pollination with gamma-irradiated pollens is an efficient method to obtain haploid plants that can overcome the biological limitations of fruit trees." https://lnkd.in/g8XbsX2 View in LinkedIn

DOUBLE MOTHER MAMMALS. "Given the successful establishment of parthenogenetic haploid embryonic stem cells in the mouse, rat and monkey, we expect that our approach can also be applied in other mammalian species to produce bimaternal animals." https://lnkd.in/gCT7Dcz View in LinkedIn

TRANSITION OF SETS. "The emergence of a new master sex-determining gene on a different chromosome can also lead to a shift of the heterogametic sex, [e.g., transforming a XY system into ZW (nonhomologous transition)]. Such a situation is again represented in the ricefishes. Two species have ZW sex determination on two linkage groups, which are different from those that became the X and the Y in the other five species." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/34/10575.full View in LinkedIn

NEW CHROMOSOMES. "If a gene from elsewhere in the genome becomes the new male sex-determining gene, then a new chromosome will evolve to become the Y (nonhomologous turnover). An increasing number of systems are described where this may have happened." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/34/10575.full View in LinkedIn

CHANGING MASTER GENES. "Even more intriguingly, the master sex-determining gene itself can change; and depending on the type of change, this has different chromosomal consequences. If for example, the function of a gene as a male sex-determining gene is turned over to a different gene, which resides nearby on the same chromosome as the previous master gene, there is no change of the Y chromosome (homologous turnover)." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/34/10575.full View in LinkedIn

JUMPING GENES AND SEX GENES. "Here, recent evidence assigns transposable elements a role in having moved the male sex-determining gene to other chromosomes. As result, the Y chromosome is a different linkage group in several salmonid species. If large pieces or the entire Y are translocated to an autosome, so-called “neo-Y chromosomes” and multiple sex-chromosome systems are created." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/34/10575.full View in LinkedIn