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"THE SHELTERING of recessive or partly recessive Y-linked deleterious mutations from selection due to their permanent heterozygosity” occurs. http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn

"THE EVOLUTION of a pair of chromosomes that differ in appearance between males and females (heteromorphic sex chromosomes) has occurred repeatedly across plants and animals. Recent work has shown that the male heterogametic (XY) and female heterogametic (ZW) sex chromosomes evolved independently from different pairs of homomorphic autosomes in the common ancestor of birds and mammals but also that X and Z chromosomes share many convergent molecular features." https://lnkd.in/gT_EcE7 View in LinkedIn

"LACK OF RECOMBINATION among most genes carried on Y or W chromosomes reduces the ability of selection to fix favourable mutations and to prevent the fixation of deleterious ones, due to Hill–Robertson interference among completely linked loci (hitch-hiking processes)." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn

PHYSICALLY DIFFERENT. "The X and Y (or Z and W) chromosomes are often morphologically distinguishable (heteromorphic), with the Y or W being largely heterochromatic and containing a high proportion of repetitive DNA." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn

DEGENERATION. "Cessation of recombination between large parts or all of the sex chromosomes is the ultimate cause of the degeneration of Y or W chromosomes." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn

EVOLUTION OF SEX CHROMOSOMES. "Structurally distinct sex chromosomes (X and Y) are the most familiar mode of genetic sex determination and have evolved independently in many different taxa." https://lnkd.in/ggJdV57 View in LinkedIn

MERISTEMS. “The primary shoot and root apical meristems, established during embryogenesis, play crucial roles in post-embryonic development by self-renewing and producing new organs.” https://lnkd.in/gvWsvGv View in LinkedIn

EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES. “Plant growth is characterised both by continued growth and organogenesis throughout development, as well as by environmental influences on the rate and pattern of these processes.” https://lnkd.in/gE3JUKT View in LinkedIn

OF LEAVES AND FLOWERS. “In plants, the juvenile and adult phases of vegetative development can be distinguished by leaf morphology, and the reproductive phase of development can be distinguished by the production of flowers.” https://lnkd.in/gsVFbSB View in LinkedIn

“THE SHOOT APEX of higher plants passes through three more or less distinct phases during its postembryonic development: a juvenile vegetative phase, an adult vegetative phase, and a reproductive phase.” http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2878230.pdf?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents View in LinkedIn