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OLDER LIMITED THINKING. “A large number of studies have been dedicated to understanding how a single pathogen interacts with its host, without taking into account the role of the overall microbial environment.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn

"GENETIC DEGENERATION may be partly driven by this accumulation, or may occur independently later on. In the D. miranda neo-Y, transposable elements appear to be inserted either into introns or intergenic sequences, and hence do not directly disrupt gene function (although one insertion causes downregulation of a gene." https://lnkd.in/gCh5RAX View in LinkedIn

THE SHIFT. “A second major challenge is to shift from descriptive to functional metagenomics, in order to understand exactly how the pathobiome modulates pathogenesis, and to which extent it impacts on its environment, regardless of the ecological niche considered.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn

REASONS FOR VIROID ACCUMULATION. "The reasons for transposable element build-up probably involve several processes. Elements that would normally be eliminated by ectopic exchange may fail to be eliminated from the neo-Y, due to lack of recombination. The efficacy of selective removal will also be reduced because of low recombination rates." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn

GREAT UNKNOWN. “It should be emphasized that we still only have a very limited understanding of how pathogenic agents themselves, including bacteriophages (as pathogens of bacteria), contribute to the functioning of many ecosystems.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn

BUG’S MASKED BALL. “Enterobacter bacterium from the Anopheles gut microbial flora renders mosquitoes resistant to infection with the human malaria parasite, by interfering with parasite development through the production of reactive oxygen species.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn

HIDDEN PARTICIPANT. “Symbiotic Wolbachia spp. disrupt, by unknown mechanisms, the colonization of mosquito salivary glands by the dengue and Chickungunya viruses, thus limiting their transmission.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn

THIRD PARTY PLAYER. “It has been shown that the GroEL protein produced by aphid or whitefly endosymbionts is involved in the transmission of plant viruses vectored by these insects.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn

BIG FLEAS HAVE LITTLE FLEAS. “Likewise, arthropod vectors carrying human, animal or plant pathogens can be colonized by commensal and mutualistic microbes, which are then able to influence pathogen transmission.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn

DYSBIOSIS CONCEPT. “ As exemplified by several studies on gut microbial communities, some commensal bacteria of the intestinal flora can become virulent under the influence of diverse factors, such as the actions of other micro-organisms (following horizontal gene transfer between commensal and pathogenic bacteria) or of antibiotics which cause shifts in microbiome composition.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn