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"DIOECY (Greek: διοικία "two households"; adjective form: dioecious) is a characteristic of a species, meaning that it has distinct male and female individual organisms or colonies, meaning that a colony contains only either male or female individuals. Dioecious reproduction is biparental reproduction" as opposed to hermaphrodite reproduction." https://lnkd.in/gJcDDvC View in LinkedIn

MOLECULAR COMPETITION. "Alleles can also compete outside the context of organismal evolution via diverse mechanisms of selection at the level of the gene that are collectively called genomic conflict (or selfish, ultraselfish, and parasitic DNA). Genomic conflict frequently leads to reduced fitness at the organismal level." http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/7/3/a017608.full View in LinkedIn

PLANT REPRODUCTION. "A number of other sex states or breeding systems are found, which may be intermediates during the evolution of full unisexuality or may be stable forms." These include: gynodioecy, androdioecy, trioecy or subdioecy, gynomonoecy, andromonoecy, and trimonoecy. https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

CONDITIONS OF COMPETITION. "If the competition is mediated by Mendelian segregation followed by (1) differences in the Darwinian fitness (i.e., survival and fecundity) that each allele produces in offspring, (2) random sampling (genetic drift), and/or (3) differences in the alleles’ mutation or migration rates, then no genetic conflict exists and only canonical evolution at the organismal level occurs." http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/7/3/a017608.full View in LinkedIn

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FINE LEVEL COMPETITION OF THE FITTEST. "When a diploid individual reproduces sexually, the two alleles at heterozygous loci are necessarily in competition because reproduction by one allele must be at the expense of the other. Such competition is an inescapable component of the organismal level of evolution that was originally advanced by Darwin and later integrated with the field of genetics during the modern synthesis of the early 20th century." http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/7/3/a017608.full View in LinkedIn

SEPARATE SEXES. "Ten percent or so of plant species have evolved floral unisexuality as spatial separation of their flowers. This can be manifested as monoecy, where the male and female organs are carried on separate flowers on the same plant, or dioecy, where male and female flowers are carried on separate male (staminate) or female (pistillate) individuals." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

MOVE OVER STANLEY GIBBONS. "We identify species with undifferentiated sex chromosomes, others in which a different chromosome replaced the dot as a sex chromosome or in which up to three chromosomal elements became incorporated into the sex chromosomes, and others yet with female heterogamety (ZW sex chromosomes)." https://lnkd.in/dX2rADH View in LinkedIn

HERMAPHRODITE PLANTS. "The great majority of flowering plants (around 90%) produce flowers which are `perfect'; these hermaphroditic flowers are both staminate (with stamens) and pistillate (with one or more carpels)." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

ACCUMULATION OF REPETITIVE DNA. "The Y or W sex chromosomes often accumulate various repetitive DNA as has been proven for humans, drosophila, fish, and reptiles." https://lnkd.in/gdTbmHn View in LinkedIn